Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the two types of crime
Misdemeanors and felonies
What are the 4 types of violent crimes against people
Murder/Manslaughter
Aggravated assault
Forcible rape
Robbery
Norms
Rules and expectations by which society guides the behavior of its members
Laws
Stricter type of norm
A norm formally created through a societies political system
Civil law
Defines the legal Rights in relationships involving individuals and businesses
When one person sues another for loss or damage his car accident
Criminal law
Defines everyone’s responsibility to uphold the public order
A drunk driver rest for a criminal violation
Civil Law Involves claims of corn or loss to financial violations of
criminal law involved charges of wrong doing leading to arrest
Crime
A violation of a criminal law enacted by federal state or local government
2 categories of crime
Misdemeanor and felony
Misdemeanor
Is a less serious crime punishable by less than one year in prison
Felony
A more serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison
Decoding weather a person has committed a crime
Court must establish not only what the person did But a persons intent
Fear of crime is a social problem it limits the things people do places they go
Crime In the US uniform crime reports or UCR
Report includes data on felonies and serious crimes of two types crime against property and crime against persons
Crime against property
Crime that involves theft of property belongs to others burglary that car theft arson
Crime against persons
Crime that involves violence or the threat of violence against others murder aggravated assault rape robbery
Burglary
Unlawful entry of structure to commit serious crime or theft
Larceny theft
Un waffle taking carrying leading or writing away of property from the possession of another
Car theft
Best for attempted theft of a motor vehicle
Arson
I will fall or malicious burning or attempting to burn personal property of another
Murder or non-negligent manslaughter
The wheel for killing of one human being by another
Aggravated assault
Unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of a fucking severe or aggravated bodily injury
Forcible rape
Penetration no matter how slight The vagina or anus with anybody part or object oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without consent of the victim
2 reason’s to view uniform crime reports with caution problems with it
It underestimates the actual extent of street crime but with a focus on the street crying and gives advice picture of the typical Criminal as well
National crime victimization survey
Researchers ask a random sample of the US population whether they have been victims of the series crime within a year
Violent crime account for
14% of all serious offenses
Crimes against property
Account for 86%
What accounts for the drop and crime rates in the 1980s through 2018
Strong economy during 1990
Drop in the use of drugs
Hiring more police
Tougher sentences
What accounted for violent crimes spiking upward
Mass Protest against police violence directed against African-Americans
Cleared
Meaning That police arrested someone for the crime whether or not that person was later guilty
Stalking
Repeated effort by someone to establish or reestablish relationship against the will of the victim
1/3 of rape victims report the crime
Statutory rape
Sex with a minor when no force is used
Aggravated assault accounts for 67% of all violent crimes and rape of
Who commits crimes
Age-14-24 older teens
Men
Low income / high income
Whites/blacks
Mass incarceration
Missing African American men
Why Does Ray’s play a large part in the crime picture
Blacks have a high poverty rate
High arrest rates among people of color
Involves family patterns of single-parent families mostly African-American famlies
Juvenile delinquency
Violation of the law by young people
Juvenile courts
Focus on helping children straighten out rather than simply punishing them
Goal of the juvenile justice system
Protect the community and serve the best interest of the youth offenders
Hate crime
Criminal offense against a person property or society motivated by the offenders bias against race religion disability sex orientation and gender identity or ethnicity or national origin
Mathew Shepard james Byrd
He crimes prevention act
Give the federal government power to investigate and prosecute hate crimes
Why are hate crimes not reported
Police organizations do not recorder submit a crime data
Victims are reluctant to report their victimization
Hate crimes law critics
Search acts are already against the law so laws are necessary laws end up finishing peoples attitudes towards others why not control what we do and think
Supporters of hate crime law
Different must take extra steps to predict categories of people or targets of hostility in violence hate crimes don’t just harm single victim but inflame entire communities
White collar crime
Illegal activities conducted by people of high social position during the course of their employment or regular business activities Bernard Madoff
Edwin sutherland
Pioneered the study of white-collar crime noted the crimes ranging from fraud to insider trading are far more common in people imagine
Corporate crime
An illegal at committed by a corporation or by persons acting on its behalf
Gross negligence
Example of corporate crime knowingly producing a faulty dangerous product
Organized crime
Is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services
Goods and services like gambling sex and drugs
La cosa Nostra (our thing)
Mafia ro g prohibition illegally Reporting in producing and distributing Liquor to the public
Racketeer influenced andcorrupt organization act
Gives police the authority to seize property such as cars boats homes used in the commission of crimes involving gambling prostitution or legal drugs
Six great triads in china
Triads Do you want stolen cars drugs and weapons smuggling illegal immigrants
Victimless crimes
Offenses that directly harm only the person who commits them
Public order crimes Also known as victimless crimes
The most crime includes gambling prostitution public drunkenness and drug use
Violence
Behavior that causes injury to people or damage to property
When does violence Become a social problem
Violence is or not a problem has less to do with the Wailin at self and more to do with how actions to find buy some audienceWhat do the actors intend by their actions
Does the violence conform Or violate social norms and values
Violence support or threaten the social order
Violence committed by or against the government
Institutional violence
Violence carried out by government representatives under the law
Anti-Institutional violence
Violence directed against the government in violation of the law
Henry kempe
Research on child abuse as a social problem
Mass murder
Is an intentional unlawful killing of three or more people at one time and place Las Vegas massacre
What do mass murders have in common
Men Believe in the rightness of their cause Disturbed individuals Who have been rejected Who have access to guns
Serial murderer
The killing of several people by one offender over a period of time
Commits One murder and then wait for a week or month for killing again
What do we know about serial killers
Mentally ill suffering from psychotic disorders
Receive messages urging them to kill people and some specific category
Violent great pleasure and putting others in fear
You gangs
Groups of young people who identify with one another and with particular territory
Who is likely to join a gang
For single-parent families living in a neighborhood in Pirates of crime and drug abuse and few available
Violence is also fueled by use of alcohol and other drugs
Criminal justice system
Societies use of due process Involving police courts punishment to enforce the law
Due process
Means that the criminal justice system operate according to the law
The six factors that decide an arrest
How serious is the crime What does the victim want Is the suspect Coopertive Does the suspect have a record Are bystanders watching What is the suspects race
2 Recent changes in police work that contribute to the downturning crime rates
Community policing
Innovation in police work is a zero tolerance policy
Community policing
Makes police more visible to the public by moving some officers from cars to bicycle or foot
Zero tolerance policy
At least respond to any offense no matter how minor
Adversarial process
Meaning that the prosecutor presents the states case against the defendant defendants attorney presents a defense against the chargers
Plea-bargaining
Negotiation in which the state reduces a defendants charge in exchange for a guilty plea save time and expense of a trial
Three strikes and you’re out law
Laws that require a life sentence for a third felony conviction
Reason for Increasing prison population
Massive incarceration
What are the four justifications for punishing convicted offenders
Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, suicidal protection
Retribution
Moral vengeance by which society Inflicts on the offender suffering comparable to that caused by the events And Eye for an eye
Deterrence
Using punishment to discourage further crime
Rehabilitation
Reforming an offender to prevent future offenses
Differs from retribution and deterrence because it is built on positive intention
Societal protection
Protecting the public by using incarceration or execution to prevent an offender from committing further offenses
Criminal recidivism
Litter offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
How does prison make crime worse
It puts offenders in jail with other offenders stigma of being an ex-con likes getting a job harder
First step act in 2018
Walks back the policy of long mandatory sentences allows prisoners to serve last time for good behavior
Restorative justice
A response to crime seeking to restore the well-being of the victim offender and larger communities that has been lost to the crime
Community-based corrections
Correctional programs that take place in local communities rather than behind prison walls
Advantages of community-based corrections
Including lower cost reducing prison overcrowding supervising convicted offenders without applying the stigma that comes with imprisonment
Probation
Policy of leading a convicted offenders stay in the community with regular supervision under conditions imposed by the court
Shock probation
Judge imposes a prison sentence with an orders that only part of the sentence be served in prison and the rest served in the local community while on probation
Parole
Policy of releasing inmates from presents are remaining sentences under supervision in the local community
Psychological study of crime focuses on individual traits of offenders abnormal personalities
Walter reckless
Simon dintz
Explained mail delinquency in terms of a boys degree of moral conscience
Containment theory
Reckless and dintz Analysis of delinquency good boys versus bad boys
Siri psychopaths apparently do not feel guilt or shame and show little fear of punishment criticism
First Mini serious crimes are committed by people who are quite normal
Second psychological theories focus on the individual ignoring why a society to find some people as rule breakers
Emile Durkheim
Crime exist everywhere crime is somehow be useful to society identify the four functions of crime
Four functions of crime
Emile Durkheim
Crime affirms a societies norms and values
Recognizing crime helps everyone clarify the boundary between right and wrong
Reacting to crime did brings people together
Crime encourages social change
Robert Merton
Strain theory Ru breaking depends on first whether or not people except society schools second whether or not society provides people with the opportunity to reach these schools
Written five specific outcomes
Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
Richard cloward loyd ohlin
Extended Mertens theory patterns of conformity and criminality are likely to reflect what they call peoples relative opportunity structure
Cloward and ohlin Legitimate opportunity but also access to illegitimate opportunity as a chance to learn how to carry out crime
Travis hirschi Control theory four points
Attachment to other people
Access to conventional opportunity
Involvement in conventional activities
Belief in the rightness of cultural norms and values
Strengths of structural functional theories lies in showing that crime and other forms of deviance have some positive consequences for the operation of society we must look at society itself not individuals
Structural functional theory on crime
Criminal and violent behavior is learned by individuals and the same way that people learn everything else
Social conflict analysis Theory on crime
How social inequality shapes who and what is defined as a criminal And the criminal justice system serves the interest of the powerful population
Karl Marx
Legal system protects the property of the capitals class Lower classmen turn to crime to survive
Feminist theory on crime
Send me his claim that women with the crime including fraud drug dealing in prostitution to increase their opportunity to make a living
Durkheim structural functionalism
As a society define crime in affirms norms and values draws the line between right and wrong brings people together and encourages social change
Merton Structural functional
Strain theory wink types of rule breaking into a societies goals and the means available to attain them
Cloward &ohlins Structural functional
Opportunity structure is there a link crime and legitimate an illegitimate opportunity
Hirschi’s Structural functional
Control theory states that strong social ties discourage crime
Sutherland Symbolic interaction theory
Differential association theory links crime And violence to patterns of learning
Labeling theory symbolic interaction
Claims that rule breaking results from an audience to find some action in that way
Lemert Symbolic interaction
Explains her primary deviance can lead to secondary deviance and a deviant identity
Goffman Symbolic interaction
Pointed out that a deviant identity to be a powerful stigma
Marx’s Social conflict
You the legal system as a way for capitalist to protect their wealth criminals are those who threaten capitalism
Feminist theory
Points to gender inequality has 14 for women to engage in crime mail Powers evident in the operation of the criminal justice system
Radical left you on crime
Economic inequality of capital society promotes criminal activity by the end of class Criminal justice system protects capital elites
Liberal view on crime
Lack of jobs is the major factor that forces people to break the law to survive and support their families
Conservative view on prime
Moral order of society is breaking down because of the decline of two parents family we getting religious values and violence in the mass media children are being are not taught to behave responsibly
Far right view on crime
Decline of US societies do not only two week criminal justice system but also to increasing racial and ethnic diversity
