chapter 7

Question 1

3 retrieval methods

Answer 1

• recall
• recognition
• relearning

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

Reproducing information stored in memory using little cues to aid retrieval.
• Free Recall – reproducing info in no particular order
• Serial recall – reproducing info in a specific order
• Cued recall – uses specific cues/prompts to help with recall

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

Identifying the correct information from a list of alternatives • E.g. Multiple choice questions

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

Learning the same information again

• The most sensitive measure of retention

Question 5

methods of saving

Answer 5

• no. of trails taken to relearn

- time taken to relearn

Question 6

reconstruction

Answer 6

In relation to memory, combining stored information with other available information to form what is believed to be a more coherent, complete or accurate memory; also called reconstructive memory.

Question 7

eyewitness testimony

Answer 7

Any firsthand account given by an individual of an event they have seen.
Elizabeth Loftus researche

Question 8

Loftus terminology

Answer 8

• leading questions
• presupposition
• critical question

Question 9

EXP 1

Answer 9

• 45 volunteer university students viewed 7 videos of car crashes
• asked to estimate the speed
• 5 conditions based on the verb used in the critical question

Question 10

EXP 1 results

Answer 10

• the more intense the verb, the higher the estimated speed
• distorted by the presupposition verb
• bias where the partipants adjusted their estimates to fit in with the researchers expectations

Question 11

EXP 2

Answer 11

• 150 volunteer university students participants viewed a 1 minute clip that showed a 4 second scene of a car crash
• 3 conditions for 3 seperate questions -
• A week later the asked to answer 11 questions about the scene with one critical question. broken glass.

Question 12

EXP 2 results

Answer 12

• The wording for the first critical question influenced the answer to the second critical question
• More participants reported having seen broken glass from the “smashed” group (16) than the other
  two groups, which is statistically significant.
• memories can be altered by post event exposure to inaccurate info during questioning

Question 13

forgetting

Answer 13

is the inability to retrieve previously stored info from memory.
important for survival and sanity

Question 14

brain trauma

Answer 14

any damage that occurs to the brain resulting in the ability to function normally e.g. inflicted injury (e.g. blow to head) or acquired injury (e.g. from a stroke)

Question 15

amnesia

Answer 15

a loss of memory, either partial or complete which may be temporary or permanent e.g. anterograde & retrograde amnesia

Question 16

neurodegenrative disease

Answer 16

A progressive decline in the structure, activity and function of brain tissue e.g Alzheimer’s

Question 17

effects of brain trauma on memory

Answer 17

• neurodegenrative disease
• Alzheimer’s disease
• amnesia

Question 18

anterograde amnesia

Answer 18

Loss of memory of experiences that occurs after brain trauma
- lies in the transference of information from STM into LTM
experienced by people w Korsakoff’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. inflammation and damage to hippocampus and thalamus, often associated with chronic alcoholism

Question 19

comparison to retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

• Loss can extend back from moments to years

- Usually temporary but very common to permenantly loose the memory of the moment leading up to trauma

Question 20

Effects of Brain Surgery: hippocampus

Answer 20

• (H.M.) was a split brain patient who had his medial temporal lobe removed.
  personality and basic functioning remained unchanged, however was left with permanent anterograde amnesia
  established that the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are involved in or play a role in LTM formation

Question 21

Effects of Brain surgery: amygdala

Answer 21

STM, implicit (procedural) & episodic memory is not affected

• LTM implicit ‘classically conditioned memory’ affected (produce fear response).

Question 22

alzimers disease / dementia

Answer 22

neurodegenerative diseasecharacterised by the gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, causing memory loss, a decline in cognitive & social skills & personality changes

Question 23

alzheimers post mortem

Answer 23

high levels of the protein Amyloid and
Causes the development of the plaques and tangles, highly toxic
also have a massive lack of acetylcholine

Question 24

plaques

Answer 24

are dense deposits of amyloid protein and other cellular material that gather around and between neurons. (Plaques are hard and insoluble – can’t be broken down/dissolved)

Question 25

tangles

Answer 25

are twisted masses of fibres that build up around the neurons and can also penetrate the neurons. - cause cellular destruction of an Alzheimer’s brain.

Question 26

symptoms of alzheimers

Answer 26

• Memory loss, confusion, irritability, personality changes and impaired decision-making are common symptoms. Explicit & implicit memories also impaired (episodic greatly affected)

Question 27

Context-dependent cues

Answer 27

environmental cues in the specific situation (context) where a memory was formed that act as retrieval cues to help access the memories formed in the context. EG retracing your steps to find your lost keys

Question 28

State-dependent cues

Answer 28

associated with the individual’s personal internal physiological (physical) &/or psychological state at the time the memory was formed, and act as retrieval cues to help access those memories. EG. Hiding money when drunk, can only find it when drunk again, not sober

Question 29

retrieval cue

Answer 29

is any stimulus that assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in memory.

Question 30

encoding specificity principle

Answer 30

states that the more closely the retrieval cues match the original learning conditions, the more likely the info will be recalled

Question 31

two types of cues

Answer 31

* Context dependent cues | * State dependent cues

Question 32

rehearsal

Answer 32

is the process of actively and consciously manipulating information to keep it in STM for longer than the normal 18 -30 sec.

Question 33

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 33

Repeating information over and over usually vocally (out loud) or sub-vocally (in your head). - info will stay a long time in STM - not nessesariliy in LTM

Question 34

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 34

Links new information to existing knowledge (or other new knowledge) in a meaningful way - effective in transferring information into long-term memory, especially when using personal link

Question 35

Serial position effect

Answer 35

is a finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of a list than for items in the middle.

Question 36

primacy effect

Answer 36

Superior recall of items at the start of the list

Question 37

recency effect

Answer 37

Superior recall of items at the end of the list (most recently experienced)

Question 38

leading question

Answer 38

can manipulate the reconstruction of memory Leading questions have content or are phrased in such a way to suggest the desired answer

Question 39

effect of brain surgery on cerebral cortex

Answer 39

result in serious memory impairments. interferes with efficiency scubas the attention required to transfer info from sensory to stm . and organising efficiently for retrieval in LTM

Question 40

effect of brain surgery on cerebellum

Answer 40

problems with coordination and timing of voluntary movement.