chapter 6

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

is often defined as the processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning.

Question 2

three processes of memory

Answer 2

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 3

encoding

Answer 3

converting information to a useable form.

Question 4

storage

Answer 4

retaining information in memory

Question 5

retrieval

Answer 5

information recovered from memory when needed

Question 6

3 stores to memory

Answer 6

• sensory. memory
• short term memory
• long term memory

Question 7

Atkinson & Shiffrins

’ multi store model

Answer 7

based in the 1960’s
made the assumption that human memory has several systems/processes involved rather than one system as previously thought
- stage model

Question 8

Atkinsons and Shiffirins 3 levels of memory

Answer 8

sensory register: where all the information comes in
short term memory: the short term store – temporarily work on or
rehearse the information
long term memory: holds information in a permanent & organised way

Question 9

structural features

Answer 9

permanent built in features of memory that do not vary from one situation to another

Question 10

sensory memory

Answer 10

is the entry point of memory where new incoming sensory info is stored for a very brief period of time

Question 11

2 types of sensory memory

Answer 11

 Iconic memory – visual

 Echoic memory - auditory

Question 12

iconic memory

Answer 12

stores visual sensory information. stored for 0.3 seconds and unlimited capacity

Question 13

echoic memory

Answer 13

Stores auditory sensory information (sound).

stored for 3-4 seconds

Question 14

short term memory

Answer 14

.

Question 15

duration of STM

Answer 15

STM is very good for first few seconds
12 seconds it starts to decline
by 18 seconds all the info disappears if it has not been rehearsed.

Question 16

capacity of STM

Answer 16

The limit of STM is a range of 7+ 2 items of info.

When STM is ‘full’, new items can only be added by pushing old items out

Question 17

STM - working memory

Answer 17

emphasises the active part of memory where information we are consciously aware of is temporarily held & ‘actively worked’ on in a variety of ways.
- interpreting emotions/feelings
- comprehension
temporary storage facility and mental workspace for information currently being used

Question 18

Improving STM

Answer 18

chunking/ grouping.
phone numbers.
instead of single digits 5-9. u can remember 5-9 chunks of numbers

Question 19

Long term memory

Answer 19

Long-term memory (LTM) is the relatively permanent memory system that has potentially unlimited capacity and duration (life-long).

• inactive (not in use)
• we use cues (intentional or unintentional) to speed up the process of retrieval

Question 20

retrieval cue

Answer 20

is a stimulus that assists the process of locating & retrieving information stored in memory

Question 21

implicit memory

Answer 21

does not require conscious effort to retrieve.
unintentional retrieval
memory without awareness

Question 22

2 types of implicit LTM

Answer 22

a) Procedural memory
“how to do stuff”
a) Classically conditioned memory- “
“memory of learning acquired involuntary” e.g. fears

Question 23

procedural memory

Answer 23

is the memory of actions & skills that have been learned previously & involves knowing ‘how to do something’ (Implicit memories ).
- recall activity/skill even after a long time.
Implicit b/c the info can be retrieved through performance rather than intentional conscious recall or recognition.
- riding bike

Question 24

classically conditioned memory

Answer 24

Conditioned responses through classical conditioning. typically involving fear/ anxiety.
- reflexes responses e.g. eye blinking to a puff of air

Question 25

explicit memory

Answer 25

is the memory of specific facts or events that can be bought into conscious awareness & explicitly stated or ‘declared’

Question 26

2 types of explicit memory

Answer 26

a) Episodic memory  “when” and “where” b) Semantic memory  Include references about “what” and “who”

Question 27

eposodic memory

Answer 27

is the declarative memory of personally experienced events - Specific events or personal memories, like a mental diary - Records autobiographical experiences - where you spend last Christmas

Question 28

semantic memory

Answer 28

is the declarative memory of facts or knowledge about the world. - Memories of general academic knowledge - Facts not necessarily related to a specific place or time (cant always recall when/where you learnt the info). - animals on 50 cent piece

Question 29

cereberal cortex

Answer 29

S - semantic memories tend to be stored throughout the cortex, (frontal and temporal lobes) or where its first processed E - an entire memory not necessarily stored in one location, but recalled together FTWT. (right frontal and temporal lobe). P - stores well-learned motor responses/ sequences CC

Question 30

hippocampus

Answer 30

S- temporarily stores during consolidation/processing of new memories for long-term storage then transfers to cerebral cortex for more permanent storage E- Same ^^ plus stores spatial memories of personal events

Question 31

amygdala

Answer 31

S & E - no permanent storage p - does not store CC- Involved in the formation of classically conditioned emotional responses

Question 32

cerebellum

Answer 32

S E P - involved in temporary storage but well-learned motor responses are believed to be stored in the cerebral cortex CC - stores simple conditioned reflexes e.g. eye blink to a sound associated with a puff of air