chapter 12 Flashcards
4p factor model
Describes four influences on mental health and progression of a mental disorder: predisposing risk factors, precipitating risk factors, perpetuating risk factors, protective factors.
risk factor
is any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development or progression of a mental disorder. E.g. stress, substance use
protective factor
is any characteristic or event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence or recurrence of a mental disorder, EG good relationships with family and friends, high levels of emotional and social wellbeing, good physical health
precipitating risk factor
increases susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of a specific mental disorder. typically hasten the onset of a disorder. EG major stressor
perpetuating risk factor
maintains or prolongs
the occurrence of a specific mental disorder (i.e. ‘perpetuates’) and inhibits recovery. causing a person’s symptoms to continue or progressively worsen and thereby hinder or prevent recovery.
EG ongoing bullying, being in an abusive relationship a chronic medical condition, homelessness.
predisposing factor
increases susceptibility to a specific mental disorder. EG chronic poor sleep or a serious medical condition and brain injury.
biological risk factors
- genetic vulnerability
- poor response to medication
- poor sleep
- substance use
genetic vulnerability
having a risk for developing a specific mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance. places an individual at a higher risk but not DEFINITE
poor response to medication
having little to no reduction in the number or severity of symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed. risk factor for both the development and progression of mental disorder.
poor sleep
quantity or quality is associated with a range of mental disorders. the relationship between poor sleep and mental disorders is commonly described as bi-directional, or ‘two-way’.
substance use
the active ingredients of the substance may directly contribute to the development or progression of a disorder.
psychological risk factors
- rumination
- impaired reasoning and memory
- stress
- poor self efficacy
rumination
involves repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts and feelings, such as problems or bad moods, without acting to change them.
- impedes problem solving
impaired reasoning and memory
demonstrate impaired reasoning through their distorted and maladaptive ways of thinking.
-jumping to conclusions
-delusions
episodic memories of past events and personal experiences tend to show the greatest loss.
stress
stress can be formed from a single/number of stressors.
depending on coping skills, individuals with a higher level of vulnerability are more likely to develop a mental disorder in response to a lower level of stress than will someone with a lower vulnerability.
poor self efficacy
refers to an individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed in a specific situation or accomplish a specific task.
affects how vulnerable a person is to experiencing stress, anxiety
poor self-efficacy increasing the chance of developing a mental disorder and impairing our ability to overcome.
social risk factors
for mental disorders originate in the external environment and interact with biological and psychological factors in influencing our mental health state.
- disorganised attachment
- loss of a significant relationship
- stigma
disorganised attachment
an unhealthy attachment formed early in life is considered a risk factor for the development and progression of mental health disorder.
is characterised by inconsistent or contradictory behaviour patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver.
loss of a significant relationship
relationship perceived by an individual as being of considerable importance to them.
the grief may contribute to the development of a disorder such as depression
role of stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment
mark or sign of shame, disgrace or disapproval typically associated with a particular characteristic
cumulative risk
refers to the aggregate (‘cumulative’) risk to mental health from the combined effects of exposure to multiple biological, psychological and/or social risk factors.
additive models
relationship between risk factors and mental disorder therefore tends to be ‘linear’ (like a positive correlation).
threshold models
have a multiplier effect as they accumulate, so there is a ‘multiplicative’ relationship rather than ‘additive’ relationship among the risk factors.
distinguish between additive and threshold models
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