chapter 12

Question 1

4p factor model

Answer 1

Describes four influences on mental health and progression of a mental disorder: predisposing risk factors, precipitating risk factors, perpetuating risk factors, protective factors.

Question 2

risk factor

Answer 2

is any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development or progression of a mental disorder. E.g. stress, substance use

Question 3

protective factor

Answer 3

is any characteristic or event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence or recurrence of a mental disorder, EG good relationships with family and friends, high levels of emotional and social wellbeing, good physical health

Question 4

precipitating risk factor

Answer 4

increases susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of a specific mental disorder. typically hasten the onset of a disorder. EG major stressor

Question 5

perpetuating risk factor

Answer 5

maintains or prolongs
the occurrence of a specific mental disorder (i.e. ‘perpetuates’) and inhibits recovery. causing a person’s symptoms to continue or progressively worsen and thereby hinder or prevent recovery.
EG ongoing bullying, being in an abusive relationship a chronic medical condition, homelessness.

Question 6

predisposing factor

Answer 6

increases susceptibility to a specific mental disorder. EG chronic poor sleep or a serious medical condition and brain injury.

Question 7

biological risk factors

Answer 7

• genetic vulnerability
• poor response to medication
• poor sleep
• substance use

Question 8

genetic vulnerability

Answer 8

having a risk for developing a specific mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance. places an individual at a higher risk but not DEFINITE

Question 9

poor response to medication

Answer 9

having little to no reduction in the number or severity of symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed. risk factor for both the development and progression of mental disorder.

Question 10

poor sleep

Answer 10

quantity or quality is associated with a range of mental disorders. the relationship between poor sleep and mental disorders is commonly described as bi-directional, or ‘two-way’.

Question 11

substance use

Answer 11

the active ingredients of the substance may directly contribute to the development or progression of a disorder.

Question 12

psychological risk factors

Answer 12

• rumination
• impaired reasoning and memory
• stress
• poor self efficacy

Question 13

rumination

Answer 13

involves repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts and feelings, such as problems or bad moods, without acting to change them.
- impedes problem solving

Question 14

impaired reasoning and memory

Answer 14

demonstrate impaired reasoning through their distorted and maladaptive ways of thinking.
-jumping to conclusions
-delusions
episodic memories of past events and personal experiences tend to show the greatest loss.

Question 15

stress

Answer 15

stress can be formed from a single/number of stressors.
depending on coping skills, individuals with a higher level of vulnerability are more likely to develop a mental disorder in response to a lower level of stress than will someone with a lower vulnerability.

Question 16

poor self efficacy

Answer 16

refers to an individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed in a specific situation or accomplish a specific task.
affects how vulnerable a person is to experiencing stress, anxiety
poor self-efficacy increasing the chance of developing a mental disorder and impairing our ability to overcome.

Question 17

social risk factors

Answer 17

for mental disorders originate in the external environment and interact with biological and psychological factors in influencing our mental health state.

• disorganised attachment
• loss of a significant relationship
• stigma

Question 18

disorganised attachment

Answer 18

an unhealthy attachment formed early in life is considered a risk factor for the development and progression of mental health disorder.
is characterised by inconsistent or contradictory behaviour patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver.

Question 19

loss of a significant relationship

Answer 19

relationship perceived by an individual as being of considerable importance to them.
the grief may contribute to the development of a disorder such as depression

Question 20

role of stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment

Answer 20

mark or sign of shame, disgrace or disapproval typically associated with a particular characteristic

Question 21

cumulative risk

Answer 21

refers to the aggregate (‘cumulative’) risk to mental health from the combined effects of exposure to multiple biological, psychological and/or social risk factors.

Question 22

additive models

Answer 22

relationship between risk factors and mental disorder therefore tends to be ‘linear’ (like a positive correlation).

Question 23

threshold models

Answer 23

have a multiplier effect as they accumulate, so there is a ‘multiplicative’ relationship rather than ‘additive’ relationship among the risk factors.

Question 24

distinguish between additive and threshold models

Answer 24

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