chapter 10

Question 1

Sleep disturbances:

Answer 1

Any sleep-related problem that disrupts an individual’s normal sleep–wake cycle,

Question 2

sleep disorder

Answer 2

Any sleep disturbance that regularly disrupts sleep, causing distress or impairment in important areas of everyday life during normal waking hours.

Question 3

primary sleep disorder

Answer 3

a sleep disorder that cannot be attributed to another condition, a mental disorder or medical problem, or use of a substance such as a legal or illegal drug. The sleep disorder is the main, or ‘primary’, cause of the sleep problem. E.g. insomnia

Question 4

secondly sleep disorder

Answer 4

involves a prominent sleep problem that is a by-product of or results from another condition, or use of a substance. E.g. due to back pain or stress

Question 5

dyssomnia

Answer 5

involves a problem with a sleep–wake cycle process (such as difficulty falling or staying asleep)

Question 6

parasomnia

Answer 6

involves disruption of sleep by an abnormal event (such as a frightening dream that awakens the sleeper).

Question 7

sleep phenomena

Answer 7

such as dreams and walking and talking during sleep recur and disrupt sleep, then this is also considered to be a sleep disorder.

Question 8

insomnia

Answer 8

is a problem which involves continually getting insufficient sleep.
• A failure to fall asleep within 30 minutes after intended time.
• Awakening for more than 30 minutes during the night.
• A consistently reduced amount of total sleep.

Question 9

causes of insomnia

Answer 9

Psychological causes of insomnia
short term insomnia are emotional or social disturbances including relationship problems, the death or serious illness

Physiological causes of insomnia
medical problems, severe or persistent pain

Question 10

parasomnia- sleep walking

Answer 10

sometimes conducting routine activities.

Occurs in stage 3 or four of NREM sleep and can go on for up to half an hour (Usually between 5 and 15 minutes)

Question 11

Circadian rhythm phase disorders

Answer 11

A sleep disorder involving sleep disruption that is primarily due to a mismatch between an individual’s sleep-wake pattern and the pattern that is desired or required.

Question 12

Circadian rhythm phase disorders causes

Answer 12

• a naturally occurring change or a malfunction of biological mechanisms
• a mismatch between an individual’s sleep–wake cycle and the sleep–wake schedule required by their school, work or social schedule

Question 13

Three examples of circadian rhythm phase disorders include:

Answer 13

1. the sleep–wake cycle shift in adolescence
2. disturbance of the cycle through shift work
3. air travel across time zones

Question 14

sleep-wake cycle shift

Answer 14

A change in the timing of the major sleep episode, either through forward or backward movement.

Question 15

Adolescence tend to have sleep problems to day time issues

Answer 15

– Takes ages to get to sleep
– Not enough sleep on week nights
– Difficulty waking up in the morning
difficulties 
- Difficulty concentrating in class and lack of motivation
 – Drifting off in class
– Mood swings

Question 16

psycho-social influences

Answer 16

– Working late Psycho-social influences – exerting independence
– Socialising via computer/phones
– Staying up late to watch TV

Question 17

shift work- night shift

Answer 17

disrupts this cycle and can cause sleep-related problems such as:
Sleep quality and quantity
Often complain of being tired (both on and off the job)
 difficulty falling asleep or sleeping well during the day (often sleep less eg. 1-4 hrs less than a non-shift worker)
Accumulating a sleep debt

Question 18

jet lag

Answer 18

A sleep disorder due to a disturbance to the circadian sleep–wake cycle caused by rapid travel across multiple time zones.
effectsboth physical and psychological symptoms that may leave us with sleep problems

Question 19

jet lag problems

Answer 19

Difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep

• excessive sleepiness
• reduced daytime alertness

Question 20

sleep deprivation

Answer 20

going without adequate or quality sleep

Question 21

partial sleep deprivation

Answer 21

to go without sleep SOME of the required amount of sleep within a 24 hour period

Question 22

Total sleep deprivation

Answer 22

having no sleep at all

Question 23

effects of prolonged partial sleep deprivation

Answer 23

– Decline in cognitive abilities
– Slower reactions/motor function
– Irrational and illogical behaviour
– Difficulty making decisions/problem solving – Short-term memory impairment

Question 24

sleep inertia

Answer 24

the performance impairment that occurs immediately after awakening.
they are more likely to do POORLY on simple tasks and more able to COMPLETE a complex task.

Question 25

microsleep

Answer 25

is a very short period of drowsiness or sleeping that occurs when the individual is apparently awake.
– Have no control over it
– Brainwaves resemble early Stage 1 NREM sleep
– Have no memory of duration of microsleep

Question 26

recovering from sleep deprivation

Answer 26

– Do not need to fully compensate for the accrued sleep debt

– Most people recover with a few extra hours for a few nights

Question 27

effects of partial sleep deprivation - affective functioning

Answer 27

Mood changes, heightened anxiety/depression, irritability, and lack of motivation.

Question 28

effects of partial sleep deprivation - behavioural functioning

Answer 28

Slower reaction times, clumsiness, and risk-taking behaviours.

Question 29

effects of partial sleep deprivation - Cognitive functioning

Answer 29

Lack of concentration, impaired memory (trouble with encoding, not retrieval), illogical/irrational thoughts, poor decision-making, and trouble with simple, monotonous tasks.

Question 30

interventions to treat sleep disorders

Answer 30

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

substituting thoughts, behaviours and habits that inhibit sleep and replace with those that promote sleep

Question 31

CBT

Answer 31

Includes the use of meditation, relaxation and visual imagery
• Effective in 70-80% of cases
• Treats underlying cause behind
insomnia
• The duration of therapy time can be a disadvantage

Question 32

rem deprivation

Answer 32

Loss of motor coordination;

– poor concentration and memory;

Question 33

NREM deprivation

Answer 33

A loss of NREM may prevent restoration of the body and its ability to replenish energy supplies.

Question 34

sleep deprivation psychosis

Answer 34

after a few days w no sleep can lead to depersonalisation (loss of personal identity) and difficulty coping
can be reversed with sleep