chapter 5- models to explain learning

Question 1

conditioning

Answer 1

the process of learning associations between a stimulus (or event) in the environment and a behavioural response.

Question 2

two types of conditioning

Answer 2

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

a type of learning that occurs through repeated association of 2 (or more) different stimuli (things).

Question 4

stimulus

Answer 4

any event that elicits (produces) a response from an organism.

Question 5

response

Answer 5

a reaction by an organism to a stimulus

Question 6

the key elements of classical conditioning

Answer 6

1. Neutral stimulus (NS)
2. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
3. Unconditioned response (UCR)
4. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
5. Conditioned response (CR)

Question 7

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

a item/object/action that fails to produce a response prior to being conditioned
- bell

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 8

any stimulus that consistently produces a particular naturally occurring automatic response.
- food

Question 9

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 9

is the response that occurs automatically when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented.
-salivation

Question 10

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 10

the stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the unconditioned response on its own.
UCS(food)+CS(bell)

Question 11

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 11

the learned response that has been learned and produced by the condition stimulus (CS)
CS(bell)=CR(salivating)

Question 12

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 12

the tendency for another stimulus, that is similar to produce a response that is similar to the CR.

Question 13

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

The organism only responds to the CS and no other similar stimuli

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer present.

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

the CR reappearing when the CS is presented, after a rest period or ‘break’ has occurred, and the CR would have been seen to be extinct.

Question 16

ethical considerations of little Albert experiment.

Answer 16

-withdrawal rights: not clear in Watson’s report whether this was exercised
 Informed consent: it is believed the mother did not know
 Debriefing: Albert’s fear was never extinguished prior to the experiment ending

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

IS a learning process where the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring again is determined by its consequences
voluntary process

Question 18

operant

Answer 18

a response that occurs on the environment to produce some kind of effect

Question 19

ABC THREE PHASE MODEL

Answer 19

antecedent , behaviour , consequences

Question 20

antecedent

Answer 20

A STIMULUS THAT OCCURS BEFORE THE BEHAVIOUR - before

Question 21

behaviour

Answer 21

THAT OCCURS DUE TO THE ANTECEDENT - during

Question 22

consequences

Answer 22

to the behaviour - after

Question 23

reinforcement

Answer 23

is said to occur when a stimulus (event or object) strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of the response (behaviour) occurring again.

Question 24

reinforcer

Answer 24

any stimulus (object or event) that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of the response (behavior) occurring again. - an reward

Question 25

types of reinforcers

Answer 25

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
response cost

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

any stimulus that STRENGHENS a response by providing a pleasant or satisfying consequence.
increase the frequency or likelihood of that behaviour occurring again.
money/ good grades

Question 27

negative reinforcement

Answer 27

the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.
increase the frequency or likelihood of that behaviour occurring again
headache/panadol

Question 28

punishment

Answer 28

(sometimes called positive punishment): occurs when a behaviour is followed by a negative experience. likely to decrease the frequency or likelihood of that behaviour occurring again
eg. chores for not doing homework

Question 29

negative punishment

Answer 29

involves the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing (or weakening) the likelihood of a response occurring again.
eg. taking away your internet access for a week for doing something wrong

Question 30

Response cost

Answer 30

is a form of punishment that occurs when something desirable is removed, &/OR ‘costs’ you (is of value to you).
eg. Being fined for speeding on the roads, costing you ether a fine (loss of cash) or driving suspension (loss of freedom to drive).

Question 31

key processes in operant conditioning

Answer 31

extinction
stimulus generalisation
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery

Question 32

extinction

Answer 32

Gradual decrease in frequency of a conditioned behaviour following a period without reinforcement

Question 33

spontaneous recovery

Answer 33

Reoccurrence of conditioned behaviour after extinction has occurred and without any reinforcement

Question 34

stimulus generalisation

Answer 34

When the desired behaviour occurs in response to a stimulus that is similar to the original environmental stimulus

Question 35

stimulus discrimination

Answer 35

When the conditioned behaviour ONLY occurs in response to the particular stimulus, and not to any other similar stimuli

Question 36

observational learning

Answer 36

occurs when someone uses observation of another model’s (person’s) actions and their consequences to guide their future actions.

Question 37

vicarious conditioning

Answer 37

an individual watches a model’s displaying behaviour that is either reinforced or punished AND then behaves in exactly the same way or in a modified way OR refrains from the behaviour as a result of what they have observed.

Question 38

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 38

increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is reinforced.

Question 39

Vicarious punishment

Answer 39

occurs when the likelihood of an observer preforming a particular behaviour decreases after having seen the model’s behaviour being punished.

Question 40

results of the bobo doll experiments

Answer 40

-Children who saw the model being rewarded, or having no consequences, were more likely to be aggressive
than children who observed the model being punished.
-Boys tended to be more aggressive than girls
-However, when rewarded, girls were almost as aggressive
-Both genders in all conditions were more aggressive when they were rewarded for their own aggression

Question 41

conclusions of the bobo doll experiments

Answer 41

• Most children had acquired the learned response (aggression), but did not perform it until rewarded themselves
• Observational learning can occur even if the model’s behaviour receives no consequences
• Observed behaviours are more likely to be performed if the learner is expecting reinforcement (vicariously or actually)

Question 42

processes of observational learning

Answer 42

• attention
• retention
• reproduction
• motivation
• reinforcement

Question 43

attention

Answer 43

Pay attention in order to observe the modeled behaviour

Question 44

retention

Answer 44

Mentally retain what has been observed

Question 45

reproduction

Answer 45

Be capable of Reproducing the behaviour
- can’t be physically limited

Question 46

motivation

Answer 46

The learner has to be motivated
- Motivation is influenced by the prospect of reinforcement

Question 47

reinforcement

Answer 47

The learner may have some reinforcement.
- External
-Vicarious
-Self