Chapter 7

Question 1

Identity

Answer 1

“how we make sense of ourselves”

Question 2

How do we establish identities?

Answer 2

we construct our identities through experiences, emotions connections, and rejections
An identity is a snapshot of who we are at a point in time
Identities are fluid, constantly changing, shifting, becoming
Identities are also constructed by identifying against (defining the other and then defining ourselves as “not that”)
Identity is a social construct

Question 3

Ethnicity

Answer 3

is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

Question 4

Race

Answer 4

is identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological (biological) trait

Question 5

Nationality

Answer 5

is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country

Question 6

Race definition

Answer 6

Contemporary geographers reject the entire biological basis of classifying humans into a handful of races because these features are not rooted in specific places

Societies have drawn distinctions about people based on physical characteristics, but many of today’s modern assumptions about race grew out of European colonialism

The boundaries between “races” are arbitrary

Question 7

Social construction:

Answer 7

an idea or a meaning that is widely accepted as natural by a society but may not represent a reality shared by those outside the society

the attempt to classify people according to race is regarded by geographers as a social construction

Question 8

racism

Answer 8

At worst, biological classification by race is the basis for racism

the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities
Leads to ideas about superiority of some race

is intolerance of people perceived to be inferior

Question 9

i

Answer 9

The term “black”
Britain
Refers to Afro-Caribbeans and Africans and people from India

Russia
Black describes Chechens

Latin America
Racial classification = “class”, where wealthy are “white” and middle are “mixed race” or “Mestizo”, and lower are “black”, regardless of actual colour

Question 10

Give vancouver’s Chinatown racism example

Answer 10

Chinese immigrants came to Vancouver in mid-1800s
City had anti-Chinese practices: Chinatown was treated as dirty and requiring inspections; residences were deemed unsanitary
The city had an ideology of racism
Today: relations improved and Chinatown is a tourist attraction

Question 11

Ethnicities and Races in Brazil

Answer 11

Brazil’s census classifies people according to skin color
The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics asks Brazilians to identify themselves as either white, brown, black, yellow, and indigenous
Do you think Brazilians like having to fit into 1 of 5 classifications?
Genetic studies show that about 70% of Brazilians have European ancestry, 20% African, and 10% Native American

Question 12

Ethnicity characteristics

Answer 12

is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

could refer to a group occupying a very small area, such as the Tutsis of Central Africa, or it could refer to a large heterogeneous group, such as Asian Americans

is tied to a place
is spatial and subjective
Defines a community of people
Is multidimensional (no single trait)

Question 13

1871 vs 2016 Census origins (major origins of the Canadian population)

Answer 13

1871 Census data:
20 origins were enumerated in the Canadian population
60% originated from the British Isles, 31% French and <1% Aboriginal orgins

2016 Census data:
>250 origins were reported in the Canadian Population
33% reported at least one origin from the British Isles, and 14% of people reported one French origin
In 2016, 2.1million people, or 6.2% of the total Canadian population, reported Aboriginal ancestry
First Nations (North American Indians) was the largest, with 1.5million people
Métis ancestry was reported by 600,000people, and Inuit ancestry was reported by 79,125


Question 14

describe categories of canadian immigrants

Answer 14

In 2016, Canada had over 1.2 million new immigrants who permanently settled in Canada from2011to2016. These recent immigrants represented3.5% of Canada’s total population in2016.

The majority (60.3%) of these new immigrants were admitted under the economic category

26. 8% were admitted under the family class to join family already in the country
27. 6% were admitted to Canada as refugees

Question 15

describe regions of source immigrants

Answer 15

For the first time, Africa ranks second, ahead of Europe, as a source continent of recent immigrants to Canada, (13.4% in2016)

Asia (including the Middle East) remains the top source continent of recent immigrants
In2016, the majority (61.8%) of newcomers were born in Asia

Toronto, Vancouver and Montréal are the place of residence of over half of all immigrants and recent immigrants to Canada
More immigrants are settling in the Prairies than in previous census years

Question 16

Employment Equity Act

Answer 16

defines visible minorities as “persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour” (Statistics Canada, 2017)

Question 17

ethnic enclave

Answer 17

is a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
Typically form through migration (eg. Chain migration)
New migrants find people who speak the same language, practice the same religion, eat the same food, etc.
Economic and social support

Question 18

How have ethnic enclave changed?

Answer 18

The areas occupied by ethnicities have changed over time
By the late 20th century, most of the children and grandchildren of European immigrants had moved out of the inner-city to suburbs and in some cases ethnoburbs

Question 19

Ethnoburbs

Answer 19

ethnic suburbs with a cluster of a particular ethnic population
Mixed residential and commercial
Globalization brings new immigrants
Socially stratified: both low-wage and wealthy residents

Question 20

Forced Migration from Africa

Answer 20

Most African Americans are descended from Africans forced to migrate to the Western Hemisphere as slaves during the 18th century

Question 21

the triangular slave trade

Answer 21

A number of European countries adopted a trading pattern
ships brought slaves from africa to caribbean
molasses to europe
goods to africa

Question 22

Describe the migration of Africans

Answer 22

the large-scale forced migration of Africans caused them unimaginable hardship, separating families, destroying villages, and erasing cultural memories

They were packed onto ships under such poor conditions that about 1/4 died crossing the Atlantic

Question 23

Describe the Intraregional migration of African Americans

Answer 23

is the migration within cities and metropolitan areas

When African Americans reached big cities, they clustered in neighborhoods where the small number who had arrived in the 19th century were already living
These areas became known as ghettos
Expansion of the ghetto typically followed major avenues that radiated out from the center of the city

Question 24

Blockbusting

Answer 24

real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at low prices, then sold the houses to black families (at higher prices)

Question 25

Redlining

Answer 25

Banks drew red-coloured lines on maps and refused to lend money to people to buy in those areas

Question 26

Describe the Ethnicity and Nationality in Canada

Answer 26

Nationality identifies citizenship and ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions

Québécois are clearly distinct from other Canadians in cultural traditions, especially language

Question 27

Do the Québécois form a distinct ethnicity within the Canadian nationality or a second French-speaking nationality separate altogether from English-speaking Canadian?

Answer 27

This is an important question if the Québec government tried to justify breaking away from Canada

Question 28

Centrifugal Forces

Answer 28

Refer to forces that tend to divide a country

Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

Question 29

Centripetal Forces

Answer 29

Forces that unite and bind a country together

A strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

Question 30

Turkey

Answer 30

Ethnic Turks comprise about three-fourths of the Turkish population
The most populous minority is the Kurds (about 18%) and are clustered in the eastern portion of Turkey

Question 31

Kurds

Answer 31

Kurds are the most numerous ethnicity in Western Asia without their own country
Repeated attempts to gain independence have failed
They have been fighting (violently) for a long time for an independent state
includes adjacent parts of iraq iran syria and turkey (also in lebanon USA Europe)

Question 32

Syria

Answer 32

Syria’s government has been controlled since 1963 by the minority Alawites who exercised control through suppression of the rights of the majority Sunni Muslim population and other groups.
This has caused civil war for many years with the added complexity of the presence of the Islamic State terrorists, who have seized control over a portion of the country

Question 33

Ethnicities in Iran

Answer 33

Most people in Iran are ethnic Persians who comprise 61% of the populations
countries have struggled to keep Iran from creating nuclear weapons

Question 34

Ethnicities in Afghanistan

Answer 34

Location is a key trading route between Central, Southern and Western Asia, so there is ethnic diversity
Rebellion by several ethnic groups in 1979
Taliban gained control in 1995
Imposed strict laws
US invaded in 2001 and overthrew the Taliban-led government

Question 35

Ethnocentrism

Answer 35

is a tendency to evaluate other cultures against your own, often with a sense of superiority

Question 36

Ethnophobia

Answer 36

is a fear of people of a particular ethnicity

Question 37

Xenophobia

Answer 37

is a fear of people from other countries

Question 38

Ethnic cleansing

Answer 38

is a process whereby a more powerful ethnic group removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Question 39

Genocide

Answer 39

is the mass killing of a group of people

Question 40

Describe ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia

Answer 40

Ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia is part of a complex pattern of ethnic diversity in the region of southeastern Europe known as the Balkans
Yugoslavia was created after W W I to unite several Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages
In the 1980s, rivalries among ethnicities resurfaced, leading to the breakup into seven small countries
Tito- president acceptance of cultural diversity

Question 41

Describe Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo

Answer 41

At the time of the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia remained an ethnically diverse country
The province of Kosovo was comprised of 90% ethnic Albanians
Serbia took control of Kosovo and did an ethnic cleansing of the Albanian majority
Move military equipment and personnel into a village
Round up all the people
Force the people to leave
Set the vacated village on fire
The US and Western European countries launched an attack on Serbia
Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008

Question 42

Describe Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan

Answer 42

A war from 1983 to 2005 between Sudan’s northern and southern ethnicities ended with the establishment of South Sudan as an independent state in 2011
The north–south war was sparked by southern ethnicities attempting to resist northerners’ attempts to impose a legal system based on Muslim religious practice
Since independence, South Sudan has suffered from a civil war between its two largest ethnicities, the predominantly Christian Dinka and the predominantly folk religionist Nuer
Dinka ethnic cleansing against nuer
Drafur agiainst Arab government

Question 43

Describe ethnic and Genocide in Rwanda and Burundi

Answer 43

Long standing conflict between the two countries’ two ethnic groups, the Hutus and Tutsis
Hutus were a majority population historically, but Tutsis controlled kingdoms there for 100s of years
Tutsis turned Hutus into their surfs

When Rwanda became an independent country in 1962, Hutus gained power and undertook ethnic cleansing and genocide against the Tutsis

Meanwhile in Burundi, where the Tutsis remained in power, a civil war resulting in genocide committed by and against both Hutus and Tutsis Hutus launched a genocide campaign, killing an estimated 800,000 Tutsis. The genocide ended after Tutsis gained control of Rwanda

Question 44

Describe Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa

Answer 44

genocide continued after an airplane carrying the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi (both Hutus) was shot down in 1994
Hutus then launched a genocide campaign, killing ~800,000 Tutsis
Rwanda continues to be governed by Tutsis, but Burundi has been led since 2005 by Hutu

Question 45

Africa’s Complex Map

Answer 45

Traditionally, the most important element of cultural identity in Africa was ethnicity rather than nationality
Africa contains several thousand ethnicities with distinct languages, religions, and social customs
During the late 19th and 20th centuries, European countries carved up the continent into a collection of colonies, with little regard for the distribution of ethnicities