Chapter 4 Flashcards

Question

custom

Answer 1

is a repetitive act of a group Small group like a family or large group like a culture Getting together with family

Answer 2

is the collective knowledge of a community (from everyday activities) Doesn’t exist as a single monolithic entity Small cultural group that has one wise person

Answer 3

Orally transmitted or demonstrated Oral transmission is supplemented by activities or stories that help demonstrate a procedure or reinforce a practice Dynamic – reflects new knowledge- continually changing, to reflect new knowledge and observations Many people/reservoirs are involved in a single community- many people who know different knowledge

Answer 4

Idea that local knowledge outdated or inferior is known as the- Rationality doctrine Common during European colonialism when Europeans would assume non Europeans were irrational or savage or childlike and all their knowledge was dismissed Today: local knowledge is essential- will provide a framework for community problem solving and helped inform sustainable development processes

Answer 5

a practice that a group of people routinely follows Local cultures are sustained by maintaining customs Material culture customs Leisure activities (arts and recreation)

Answer 6

The things a group of people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and food Different cultural groups find shelter or wear food in distinctive ways Things you can feel touch, physical tangible things All people eat food and wear clothing and have to live somewhere Different cultural groups will do it in different ways Different cultural groups will emphasize different clothing food live in different houses

Answer 7

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people Different cultural groups having different definitions of what meaningful art is and an exciting recreation experience Soccer ball is material culture- rules and how people are treated are non material Non physical tangible things

Answer 8

Russia sept.12 is National Day of Conception June 12 is Russian national days Finland wife carrying is a sport- prize is beer amount you win is size of wife Tipping- dependent on place Gestures Left hand- rude in some countries

Answer 9

having a renewed interest in sustaining and promoting uniqueness & authenticity of a place

Answer 10

seeking out a regional culture and reinvigorating that culture Often a response to globalization A response to places are becoming more similar- A cultural group may celebrate their heritage in their new area after they relocate Statues, flags, toponyms, celebrations/holidays, etc Try to keep heritage alive thru material and non-material means

Answer 11

Keeping other cultures out (i.e. create a boundary around itself) Living in rural areas allows for this Can define their own space practice own customs Keeping their own culture in (i.e. avoid cultural appropriation)

Answer 12

process where other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit. Major concern for local cultures Local knowledge has been privatized by people outside the culture- someone learns something at one place and take that and go back and make huge profit out of it

Answer 13

a center of innovation | culture originates here

Answer 14

Folk culture often has anonymous hearths from anonymous sources, sometimes multiple hearths We don’t know where the hearth was Could be multiple Popular culture is typically traceable to a specific person or corporation in a particular place, very often the originator is a product of developed countries Originator might take elements of folk culture and appeal to a wider audience Take a song they heard in folk song and get famous singer to sing it Product of more developed countries, NA and europe

Answer 15

Idea or item moves to a new place but also remains behind

Answer 16

Contagious Diffusion – nearest source affected first Hierarchical Diffusion – from larger to smaller communities (for example) Stimulus Diffusion – when an idea is brought to a new population and stimulates related development (not a duplication of the original) Relocation Diffusion – idea carried by migrants (when individual part of new pop, no longer associated with source area)

Answer 17

Folk culture is transmitting slowly on a small scale Mainly through relocation diffusion Popular culture typically spreads rapidly from hearths or nodes of innovation with the help of modern communications Typically hierarchical diffusion

Answer 18

Absorbing - Prevent diffusion entirely (i.e. physical feature like mountain), today its distance to much money, absence of vector, in Canada we don’t see malaria because we don’t have mosquito to spread it so no malaria Permeable - May allow diffusion to continue in a reduced form or after a substantial delay Ex- you want to mail something to the USA but gets stuck in customs, till get there but just take longer

Answer 19

Time - The longer diffusion takes, the less likely it will occur Space - Additional space defeats diffusion (distance decay) - Less likely further from hearth - Amount of interaction decreases as distance between 2 places increases - More likely to shop at store close to you than farther away Culture - Difference in culture - Language, religion, or economic foundations can prevent diffusion of an idea, object or disease - Closer two cultures are, the more likely that diffusion is Physical barriers Local conditions must favour diffusion Local environment must Favour it Pathways/networks Both barriers and aids to diffusion Networks channel the idea or object along its paths Work against diffusion away from paths The more closer a person lives to a international airport more likely they will experience the disease first More closer you are to networks more likely you will experince

Answer 20

the likelihood of diffusion decreases as time and distance from the hearth increases

Answer 21

the likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness among places Applies to pop culture today

Answer 22

the process through which something is given monetary value- name good idea, wasn’t perviously thought of as an object that could be bought or sold but now is sold on world market antiques Material culture tends to be commodified first, though non-material culture can also be commodified- non member sellign something from culture Slavery commodifies people dating

Answer 23

Folk songs may tell a story or convey information about life-cycle events, such as birth, death, and marriage, or environmental features, such as agriculture and climate A song may be modified from one generation to the next as conditions change, but the content is most often derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people.

Answer 24

is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to or performed in front of a large number of people It frequently displays a high degree of technical skill through manipulation of sophisticated electronic equipment popular musicians have more connections with performers of similar styles, regardless of where in the world they happen to live, than they do with performers of different styles who happen to live in the same community Nashville is also a leading center for musicians, especially those performing country and gospelCompared with New York and Los Angeles, Nashville has the highest concentration of musicians, as a percentage of its much smaller population.

Answer 25

Many sports originated as isolated folk customs and were diffused like other folk culture, through the migration of individuals. The contemporary diffusion of organized sports, however, displays the characteristics of popular culture.

Answer 26

Soccer, originated as a folk custom in England during the 11th century It was transformed into a part of global popular culture beginning in the nineteenth century Early football games resembled uncontrolled mob scenes. A large number of people from two villages would gather to kick the ball. The winning side was the one that kicked the ball into the center of the rival village. Because football disrupted village life, English kings issued several bans between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. At this point, football was an English folk custom rather than a global popular custom.

Answer 27

Football and other recreation clubs were founded in the United Kingdom, frequently by churches, to provide factory workers with organized recreation during leisure hours Sport became a subject that was taught in school Increasing leisure time permitted people not only to participate in sporting events but also to view them With more disposable income, spectators paid to see first-class events. To meet public demand, football clubs began to hire professional players. Several British football clubs formed an association in 1863 to standardize the rules and to organize professional leagues. Organization of the sport into a formal structure in the United Kingdom marks the transition of football from folk to popular culture.

Answer 28

to be included in the Summer Olympics, a sport must be widely practiced in at least 75 countries and on four continents (50 countries for women). The 2020 Summer Olympics features competition in 33 sports The two leading team sports in the United States—American football and baseball—are not included.

Answer 29

cricket- is popular in the UK and british colonies ice hockey- Canada northern USA and Russia and Europe Wushu- martial arts that combine kicking and jumping with combat striking and wrestling- china basebal- North America and Japan- after world war 2 lacrosse- played by iroquois and picked up by european colonists

Answer 30

People in folk cultire have worn clothing in response to agricultural practices and climate in area- also religious beliefes Popular culture clothing refelcts occupation rather than particular enviroments People wear folk clothing for environmental protection Folk clothing preferences are in part a response to agricultural practices, climate conditions (e.g. Netherlands wooden shoes), and cultural factors Folk clothing can be exported to other countries, such as the poncho from South America Difficulties in coexisting between wearing traditional and popular clothing are evident in places such as Southwest Asia and North Africa Increased travel and diffusion have exposed Europeans and north Americans to other forms of dress Just like people in other part of the world have come into contact with western forms of dress

Answer 31

Change quickly especially in women's fashion Individual clothing habits reveal that popular culture can be distributed across the landscape with little regard for distinctive physical features Instead, popular clothing habits are more likely to reflect occupation and income Modern communications have permitted rapid diffusion of clothing styles Fashion is very highly influenced by pop culture

Answer 32

ideas, beliefs and knowledge that comprise our belief systems and out matter of communicating these things

Answer 33

are specific abstract beliefs passed down from generation to generation. Non tangible things you have learned things you know Ex- language- you learnt it when you were younger it was passed on from generation to generation Religion science, anything you go to class to learn Recipe you have memorized Value beliefs morals Can work to unite to identify or divide different groups

Answer 34

material objects Artifacts are physical objects we use in daily life Ex- cellphone, clothes, computer, fake plant

Answer 35

patterns of interpersonal relation, ways people interact with each other

Answer 36

are customs or rules we use to define our society (expressly related to group interactions) different from mentifacts because they are related to how you interact with other people mentifacts are general knowledge you get about anything from anywhere Could be political religious or military Specifically about how people interact with each other, rules Ex-if you meet someone you don’t know you shake hand say name stay a little distance apart with friends you would hug punch In the military you act different towards different people according to their rank They are unspoken Can change over time If a police over come up to you and tells you to do something you would do it but if some random person came up to you wouldn’t do it

Answer 37

Characteristic of particular environments influence folk food customs Ex between regional identity and sense of place is winde producing regions Wine crops and wine grapes and wine produced will vary from place to place In folk cultures, society deems certain foods as desirable or to be avoided.

Answer 38

is the sum of the effects on a particular food item of soil, climate, and other features of the local environment

Answer 39

Restrictions of behavior imposed by the society is a taboo People in Paraguay in jaguars or bulls to make them strong Sometimes taboos are based on religious beliefs Ex- in Jewish and Muslim cultures eating a pork is taboo, asking a women's age, smoking Incest is a universal taboo- some taboos are engraved into law Social norms of one culture might be taboo in another culture Ex- breastfeeding

Answer 40

Cultural values influence popular food preferences more than environmental features Targeted advertising of Coke or Pepsi in a given region, and in some cases religion or political influences, has shaped the global preference of these products Coke is leader except in Quebec An example of religious influence is when the predominantly Muslim countries boycotted Pepsi because it was sold in Jewish Israe

Answer 41

Mid-Twentieth Century Main obstacle to diffusion of popular culture is a lack of access to electronic media Access is limited because of lack on income Electronic media accelerates the diffusion of popular culture TV is worlds most important form of electronic media TV supplanted radio and telegraphy as the dominate electronic media Watching TV is now the most popular leisure activity in the world In 2015, the average person watched over 21 hours per week In the 1950s, only the United States and Canada had a lot of TVs, but in the following decades much of the rest of the world adopted a high density of TVs per inhabitants

Answer 42

Late Twentieth Century The average human spent 2 hours per day on the Internet in 2016, with the global spread occurring at a faster pace than TVs a generation earlier In 1995 most countries did not have internet service US had 66% of the world’s users (1995) In 2017 the United States only represented only 7% of global Internet users Diffusion of internet only took 10-15 years

Answer 43

Found in 2004 People in the United States dominated social media in the late 20th century with social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter Today Facebook has about 2 billion users globally Trend is that as the media, tv and internet spread from USA to the world the global share of people using in the USA decreased because USA has smaller population than rest and global uptake increased

Answer 44

77 percent of Americans owned smartphones in 2016, with the highest percentage between 18 and 29 years old. Today, the gap between developed and developing countries for smartphone ownership is narrowing.

Answer 45

USA was the source of 1/3 of all tweets in 2017 India became the 2nd biggest Twitter user, providing a preview of possible future trends, that electronic communication advances may rapidly diffuse through developing countries as well Chinese users have primarily adopted Chinese social media systems that are permitted by the government

Answer 46

Despite the diffusion of popular culture in the United States, many differences in cultural preferences persist Word usage on Twitter reflects the vernacular regions that exist in the United States Vernacular- area that people exists as part of cultural identity For example, the South uses the word “church” on Twitter more than “beer,” but the opposite is true in the Northeast

Answer 47

2/3 of all Internet users live in countries where criticism of the government, military, or ruling family are subject to censorship Social media users face increasing penalties Governments feel threatened by the ability of one citizen to reach many through social media

Answer 48

Banned technology: Governments can regulate the Internet by banning technology platforms Blocked content: Censoring websites Political (e.g. opposition to current government), social (sexual, drugs, etc), or security (armed conflict, militant groups, etc) content is often censored Violated user rights: Governments are turning to harassing their citizens through physical attacks and imprisonment because of their Internet activity

Answer 49

Rapid changes in long-standing cultural values can lead to instability, even violence in a society Global diffusion of popular social customs has had an unintended negative impact for women in India: An increase in demand for dowries Dowry was a gift from one family to another The Indian government enacted anti-dowry laws in 1961 but they are typically ignored The groom’s family expects to receive significant assets (cash or goods). Husbands (or the husbands families) killed 8,331 women in India in 2011 Most dowry deaths are not reported

Answer 50

the loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape – one place looks like the next- one place starts to look like every other place

Answer 51

Over time, the uniform landscapes of popular culture replaces folk landscapes The diffusion of fast-food is usually organized as a franchise, which is an agreement between a corporation and businesspeople to market that corporation’s products Gas stations, supermarkets, hotels, and restaurants are quite similar across America, giving a uniform appearance of the landscape in many areas Very unlikely places will end up the same because of cultural variability climate variability Ex- golf courses

Answer 52

Shunning mechanical and electrical power, the Amish still travel by horse and buggy and continue to use hand tools for farming. The Amish have distinctive clothing, farming, religious practices, and other customs Although the Amish number only about 1/4 million, their folk culture remains visible on the landscape in at least 19 US states. Shunning mechanical and electrical power, the Amish still travel by horse and buggy and continue to use hand tools for farming. The Amish have distinctive clothing, farming, religious practices, and other customs. According to Amish tradition, every son is given a farm when he is an adult, but land suitable for farming is expensive and hard to find in Lancaster County because of its proximity to growing metropolitan areas. With the average price of farmland in southwestern Kentucky less than one-fifth that in Lancaster County, an Amish family can sell its farm in Pennsylvania and acquire enough land in Kentucky to provide adequate farmland for all the sons. Amish families are also migrating from Lancaster County to escape the influx of tourists who come from the nearby metropolitan areas to gawk at the distinctive folk cultur