Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

is a system of communication through speech

is dynamic always changing with the changing world

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2
Q

How many languages are there?

A

The world has over 7,000 current spoken languages,

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3
Q

Institutional Language

A

used in education, work, mass media, and government. Has a literary tradition means is Written as well as spoken

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4
Q

Developing language

A

spoken in daily use by people of all ages and has a literary tradition

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5
Q

Vigorous language

A

spoken in daily use but lacks a literary tradition

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6
Q

Threatened language

A

face-to-face communications- fewer people speak it

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7
Q

Dying language

A

is still in use by older people but is not being transmitted, not being taught to kids so no longer active for the younger tradition

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8
Q

Natural language

A

Emerged and evolved within living or historic human communities

Ex- English, Latin which we don’t speak anymore

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9
Q

Artificial language

A

Intentionally constructed by people for communication or fictional purposes

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10
Q

What are examples of artificial languages?

A

Elvish languages in Lord of the Rings

Dothraki language in Game of Thrones- kelisi means queens and many people name their kids that, Aria

Esperanto

2016 more than 200000 parents named their sons Kylo  
sign language (no universal sign language – varies), tactile language (Braille, computer programming languages) 

Culturally variable

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11
Q

Esperanto

A

international language that was created in 1887 and was intended to be a universal second language, idea was that it would be much easier to learn than grammar of natural languages, never took off 1 million to 15 million people might speak it

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12
Q

Permaculture

A

permanence and agriculture are put together based around sustainable agriculture and gardening

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13
Q

Freegan

A

only eat food they can eat for free

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14
Q

Snowflake

A

someone who is special or unique

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15
Q

What can world languages be organized into?

A

can be organized into families, branches, and groups

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16
Q

language family

A

is a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history

Group of languages descended from a common, but distant, ancestor

More than 90 different language families

6 are considered major

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17
Q

language branch

A

is a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existing several thousand years ago

Branches derive from the same family

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18
Q

language group

A

is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past

Have many similarities in Grammer and vocab

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19
Q

Most languages

A

share a distant, historical and genetic relationship with one or more other languages

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20
Q

What languages are not indo- european?

A

Chinese, Arabic, and Japanese are not)

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21
Q

½ the world’s people speak languages…

A

belonging to the Indo-European language family

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22
Q

Describe indo european languages

A

Indo-European is divided into eight branches

4 are spoken by large numbers of people: Romance, Germanic, Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic

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23
Q

Romance language

A

is spoke in southwestern europe evolved from latin spoken by Romans

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24
Q

Germanic branch

A

Mian branch in north western Europe is Germanic branch

English is a part of the Germanic branch
northwestern europe

25
Indo-Iranian
is mainly in western and south asia
26
What is Indias official language?
Hindi is India’s official language, which belongs to the Indo-European language India recognizes 22 languages called schedule languages that the government protects and encourages people to speak
27
Kurgan Hypothesis
(nomadic warriors) Hearth of the Indo-European languages lies north of the Caspian Sea (near the current Russia/Kazakhstan border) Kurgan nomadic herders domesticated horses and carried the language to the east and west as they conquered new lands
28
what branch is english part of?
English is a Germanic language but studying the origin of English words reveals a long history of invasions to the land that became England Has a higher % of romance words
29
i
England speaks English because of migration from Angles, Saxons, Jutes (from N. Germany) Old English emerged out of Proto-Germanic language brought to England during the 5th and 6th centuries Normans (from present day France) brought French to England in 1066 This stayed the language until 1362, when Parliament changed the language to English n this 300 year period, German and French intermingled to form the new language (both sets of words exist today) Modern English owes its simple words like sky to Germanic language and more elegant words to the French Middle English After 13th century Wouldn’t be recognized as English by our standards “Modern Day” English 15th century (from London) Expands globally in 18th century English is not a static language it continues to grow and change and known for its ability to incorporate other languages in and spread throughout the world
30
Renfrew (Anatolian/ modern day turkey) Hypothesis
sedentary farmer theory) The hypothesis suggested that peaceful indoenzation of Europe from Anatolia would occur from about 7000 BC with the advance of farming technology Transformation of language is thought to have occurred through the absorption by intermarriage and language replacement as the language of the framing population spread Most of the farmers would have spoken indo European languages
31
Where did Proto- Indo European being
began in the Fertile Crescent, and then: From Anatolia diffused Europe’s languages From the Western Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused North Africa and Arabia’s languages From the Eastern Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused Southwest Asia and South Asia’s languages. Spread with Anatolian farmers/agriculture Turkish language is not actually indo European language
32
Lingua Franca
Global societies need global languages for communication A language mutually understood and commonly used to communicate by people who have different first languages A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce Example: A Polish pilot flying over France speaks to the control tower in English Example: a sign in Tanzania includes English and other lingua francas, including Arabic, Swahili, and Hindi (see right) English is the global lingua franca
33
Pidgin language 
a language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary Language used to have a basic convo a simplified mixture, or fusion, of languages and it is not the main language of the speakers Only adopted when theres no other choice Oral langauge barely written down It is used to communicate in limited circumstance, such as business or government E.g. Democratic republic of Congo “Lingala”: mix of French and local Congolese dialects
34
Creole language 
a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated May become more complex over time as grammatical rules, larger vocabulary, are introduced Can act as a unifying cultural force for formerly distinct groups (e.g. Haitian Creole which evolved from pidginized French and African dialects during the era of the slave trade)
35
Describe the prominence of english on the internet
More than half of all Internet content is in English English remains the dominant language of the Internet primarily because the people of the United States were early adopters Today Chinese (Mandarin) language users online represent 20% of the world total
36
Standard/Official Language
a language that a country formally designates for use in it’s political, legal and administrative affairs Countries can designate 2 languages as official languages They can be unilingual, bilingual, trilingual etc Not all countries have an official language- USA At the federal level Canada is bilingual with 2 languages- English and French In Manitoba its only English in Quebec only French and new Brunswick is the only province that designates both
37
Monolingual state
where citizens of the country all speak one language Ex- Japan
38
Describe the Global Distribution of English
nglish is an official language of 54 countries, this represents about 2 billion people who live in these countries In the past 4 centuries, the English migrated with their language when they colonize many parts of the world- relocation diffusion English is a DeFacto- predominant but not official language in other countries- Australia, USA and England Did you know that English is not the official language of the United States, Australia, and England?
39
dialect
is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, syntax(how we put words together for pronunciation), spelling, cadence(rhythm of speech), pace of speech, and pronunciation Example: English in the USA and English in the UK
40
How do UK english and USA english differ
Vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation are the most different Vocabulary: settlers in America found new features, animals, etc to name Spelling: The creator of Webster’s dictionary wanted American English to be different from England’s version, to promote independence and national pride Pronunciation: colonists in N. America pronounced words differently over time Dialects
41
Isogloss
A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs (dialect boundary or word-usage boundary)
42
When does a dialect turn into a distinct language?
Several languages in Italy were previously considered dialects, and now viewed by Ethnologue as different enough to be classified as distinct languages a dialect can turn into another language with enough time E.g. Venetian (3.8 million speakers)
43
Catálan
once regarded as a dialect of Spanish, is now classified by linguists as a distinct Romance language Catálan is the official language of Andorra, and spoken by 5 million people in Catalonia (in Spain)
44
Mixing Languages
Many French speakers regard the invasion of English words with alarm, but Spanish speakers may find the mixing of two languages interesting
45
Franglais
Widespread use of English in French language Cowboy, hamburger, jeans and t-shirt diffused into French and affected the “purity” of the language French Academy promotes the use of French terms in France (i.e. fin du semaine rather than le weekend)
46
Spanglish
A pidgin language that has grown out of contact between English and Spanish speakers in US, Mexico and Puerto Rico Magazine article: “When he says me voy – what does he really mean?” Code switching: where a speaker alternates between languages during a sentence/conversation
47
Loanword
A word that originates in one language and is incorporated into the vocabulary of another language E.g. ukulele and luau from Hawaiian, caravan and candy from Persian, Fjord and ski from Norwegian
48
Explain how different countries manage linguistic diversity
Countries have devised various strategies to promote peaceful coexistence among speakers of multiple languages Switzerland has 4 official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansh, and each is strong in different parts of the country They function in relative harmony Belgium has form two autonomous regions to try to keep the peace between the Walloons (who speak French) in Southern Belgium and the Flemings in Northern Belgium that speak Flemish Economic and political differences Walloons wealthier in the past, but not recently
49
i
Canada: Bilingual Autonomy 57% of Canadians speak English at home, 21% speak French, and 22% speak another language French speakers are clustered in Québec and French is the sole official language of Québec, despite the fact that Canada recognizes both English and French as official languages Quebec avoids English words that are used in other French-speaking places 1977: government required all businesses in Quebec to show they function in French 1993: government requires French in advertising 2013: language policies made international news when an Italian restaurant was told to provide French language translations
50
Extinct/lost language
A language that has no living speakers 360 languages have become extinct since 1950
51
Endangered language
Risk of extinction due to few surviving speakers
52
Isolated Languages
An isolated language is a language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family
53
Language hotspots
(areas where risk of extinction is high) occur when the following converge: Language endangerment High linguistic diversity index value Language is poorly documented
54
Linguistic diversity index (LDI)
A measure that expresses the likelihood that 2 randomly selected individuals in a country speak different first languages LDI does not simply reflect the number of languages Mexico has ~300 languages but a low LDI because most people speak Spanish
55
What do the values on the LDI mean?
Values range from 0.00 (no linguistic diversity) to 0.99 (a lot of linguistic diversity – 2 randomly selected people will probably speak different first languages)
56
Explain how Irish language is preserved
There are efforts to revive, preserve, or invent languages Preserving: Irish Gaelic is an official language of the Republic of Ireland Irish was once the principal languages of Ireland before U K colonization Now children are required to learn Irish in school and the language is used in signage, films, TV, etc. All government employees required to pass language proficiency exams
57
Explain how welsh language is preserved
Welsh was the dominant language of Wales until the 19th century, when many English speakers migrated there In 2011, the UK government made Welsh the official language in Wales All government and utility companies provide services in Welsh
58
logograms
a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound ex- chinese language thats written like this rather than english which is written according to sounds most are compounds; words related to bodies of water ex- include a symbol that represents river plus additional strokes that alter the meaning
59
galician
Whether Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain and northeastern Portugal, is a dialect of Portuguese or a distinct language is debated among speakers of Galician. The Academy of Galician Language considers it a separate language and a symbol of cultural independence. The Galician Association of the Language considers it a dialect, because it believes that as a dialect it can help influence one of the world’s most widely used languages, whereas classified as a separate language it would be relegated to a minor and obscure status