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Human Geography > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic

A

composed of non living or inorganic matter

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2
Q

Acculturation

A

process where an ethnic group is absorbed into a larger society while retaining aspects of distinct identity

Do everything of new culture but keep their cultural traditions- my family

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3
Q

What is the word geography based on?

A

invented by Greek Erastosthenes
on two Greek words
Geo means “Earth” and “graphy” means “to write”

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4
Q

How do geography and history differ?

A

a geographer can go to the place

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5
Q

Areal differentiation

A

geographers look at where things occur, why they are there and how things differ from place to place

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6
Q

Spatial analysis

A

way to analyze data which includes information about location of places and characteristics, allows for examining spatial attributes of earths surface

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7
Q

Human geographers ask?

A

“Where are people and activities found on Earth?” and “Why are they there?”

ex- what languages are spoken in Manitoba

what language characteristics vary from place to place

(french spoken in Manitoba vs french spoken in France/ Quebec)

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8
Q

Summarize geography’s five most basic concepts

A 
place
region 
scale
space 
connection
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9
Q

place

A

is a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic.

Each place occupies a unique location or position

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10
Q

region

A

is an area of Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic

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11
Q

What do geographers use to explain why every place is unique?

A

place and region

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12
Q

What do geographers use to explain why different places are interrelated?

A

scale
space
connection

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of regions?

A

Formal- share a common feature

Functional- defined by activity

Perceptual- ideas we have abt what constitues a region

Ex- canadian praries

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14
Q

Scale

A

is the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

Geographers are concerned abt global scale

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15
Q

Space

A

refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects

Not outer space

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16
Q

Connection

A

refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

Concerned abt various means through which connections occur

Specially interested between connections of human activity and physical space

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17
Q

Absolute Location

A

A precise system of locating phenomena in space (e.g. latitude and longitude)- mathematical location

Provides unique description of location

Describes on point on earths surafce

Specific address

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18
Q

Relative Location

A

The position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities- sometimes carries social

Neither precise or unique

Can change over time

Ex- winnipeg is located in southern manitoba

780 km southeast of Saskatoon, a little over 215 km east of Brandon and just over 100 km north of the US border- describing winnipeg in terms of other places location

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19
Q

Absolute Direction

A

non-culture bound(isnt subject to change in different areas), based on the cardinal, or compass, points (e.g. Saskatoon is northwest of Winnipeg and southeast of Edmonton)

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20
Q

Relative Direction

A

culturally dependent and vary by location (e.g. does Winnipeg truly belong in the West or is it something else? Is La Ronge, Saskatchewan, in the North, or near the North?)

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21
Q

Absolute Distance

A

absolute spatial separation between two places (i.e. 400 KM)

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22
Q

Relative Distance

A

non-absolute measurements of separation between places

e.g. eight hours from Winnipeg to Saskatoon)

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23
Q

Cartography

A

is the science of mapmaking

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24
Q

Reference maps

A

Show locations of places and geographic features

Use absolute locations

Can be used for a variety of purposes

Look up roads and rivers

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25
Q

Thematic maps

A

Tell a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution, or its movement

Used for one specifc reason

Ex- where a specific langauge is spoken, identify rain patterns, income globally

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26
Q

Proportional symbol/ graduated circle

A

Uses different sizes of shape to represent quantity of the theme

All maps show population

Problem is you cant see location largest of cities- we don’t know exactly which county the circle covers

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27
Q

Dot maps

A

represent the theme

Each dot represents a particular amount

Density is represented by density of dot

In legend the dots are all the same size

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28
Q

Isopleth maps

A

use lines to get averages for an area

Temp and elevation

Contour map uses these lines

If a contour shows ll lines at 50 m and joins them up the line represents all points at 50 m

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29
Q

Chloropleth maps

A

shade areas to represent numerical data by the intensity of the colour

Differ from isopleth bc Use predetermined areas

U can tell if it’s this type of map bc every state country will be shaded in according to boundary

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30
Q

Cartogram

A

maps with areas scaled to show some other value than shear size

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31
Q

GIS, what are the limitations

A

: Geographic Information System

a collection of computer hardware and software that permits storage and analysis of layers of spatial data

Very versatile- form and function are based on what is being studied

Only limitation is data must have some spatial characteristic

Data must have some attribute that can be located in space

Spatial coordinate value- latitude or longitude, postal code

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32
Q

photogrammetry

A

the science of taking measurements of Earths surface from photographs

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33
Q

remote sensing

A

the acquisition of data about Earths surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance method

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34
Q

Vector data

A

uses coordinates to identify points, paths and boundaries of polygons- represent real world data

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35
Q

Raster data

A

uses pixels or cells to store information

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36
Q

Attribute data

A

data associate with the map but doesn’t appear on it

Info stored on the GIS but doesn’t visually appear on map produced

Includes stats values names and qualitative attributes

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37
Q

Qualitative data

A

In depth answers and responses from open ended question

i.e. Tell me about your quality of life in Winnipeg. What makes it good or bad?

Advantage is it provides info abt human behavior emotions or personality characteristics

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38
Q

Quantitative data

A

Test and verify hypothesis and develop models

Numerical or “count data”

How good is your quality of life (QOL) in Winnipeg?

1 = poor QOL,…, 5 = excellent QOL

Advantage is it can be put all together and used for statistical analysis

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39
Q

/

A

Quantitative research requires the standardization of data collection to allow statistical comparison, but qualitative research requires flexibility, allowing you to respond to the interviewee during the research process. Qualitative research is very time consuming, particularly when entering and analyzing the data.

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40
Q

GPS

A

a system that determines the precise location of something on Earth

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41
Q

geotagging

A

identification and storage of a piece of info by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates

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42
Q

VGI

A

volunteered geographic info

the creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals

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43
Q

citizen science

A

scientific research by amaateur scientists

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44
Q

PGIS

A

participatory GIS

community based mapping representing local knowledge and info

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45
Q

mashup

A

is a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service

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46
Q

Mental Maps

A

Personal representation of a part of the Earth’s surface

maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have heard of

landmarks, paths, parks, “happy places”, “scary places”, etc

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47
Q

terra incognita,

A

unknown lands that are off limits

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48
Q

Activity Spaces

A

the places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity

Most detailed and well known part of mental map

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49
Q

what 2 decisions must a cartographer make to make a map?

A

scale and projection

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50
Q

Scale: Interpreting Maps

A

is the spatial extent of something

Things found at once scale are being influenced by what is happening at a different scale

Ex- federal government can create policy affecting timber prices and change the amount of forestry or close down timber mills affecting ppl in community

gives us a way of showing (in reduced form), all or part of the world (cartographic, or map, scale)

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51
Q

observational scale

A

the observations we make and the context we see varies across scales, such as:

	- local 
	- regional 
	- national 
	- global
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52
Q

map scale

A

which is the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on Earth.

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53
Q

What does a scale of 1:10,000 mean?

A

Everything on map is one ten thousandths of its size in real life
Map scale is unitless

1 mm on map = 10000 mm on ground

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54
Q

projection

A

Transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map

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55
Q

Mercator Projection

A

shows accurate shape of continents but distorts size particularly in high latitudes near the poles
Created in 1569

What google maps uses

Generally preserves shape of country- makes close up of cities accurate

Original purpose was navigation- direction

Was designed that if a line was drawn between 2 places on a map it would provide exact angle on the compass

Size of countries is distorted

Distortion shows imperialist attitude of European domination over southern hemisphere

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56
Q

Gall peters

A

distorts shape but shows correct size
Equal area map

Size of countries are accuarte

But shape isnt correct

Preserves area
In Mercator third world countries are shown smaller- valued less

57
Q

(Robinson)

A

Some projections compromise between shape and size distortion
useful for showing info across oceans
land areas are smaller than on maps of same size

58
Q

Goode homolosine

A

separates eastern and western into 2 pieces a characteristic known as interruption
meridians that converge at the northa nd south poles dont converge at all
and dont form angles with parallels

59
Q

Winkel triple

A

1998 the Winkel triple was adopted because of its balance

60
Q

4 types of distortions

A

shape: of an area can be distorted, so that it appears more elongated or squat than in reality
distance: between two points may become increased or decreased

relative size: of different areas may be altered, so that one area may appear larger than another on a map but is in reality smaller

direction: from one place to another can be distorted.

61
Q

parallel

A

is a circle drawn around the global parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
A circle numbered between 0 and 90 north or south latitude depending on if its north or south of equator

62
Q

latitude

A

The numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
are scientifically derived by Earth’s shape and its rotation around the Sun. The equator (0° latitude) is the parallel with the largest circumference, where every day has 12 hours of daylight. E

63
Q

meridian

A

is an arc drawn between the North and South Poles

is numbered between 0°and 180° east or west longitude, depending on whether it is east or west of 0°

64
Q

longitude

A

The location of each meridian is identified on Earth’s surface according to a numbering system

The meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, is 0° longitude, and the meridian on the opposite side of the globe from 0° is 180° longitude(international date line)

human creation. Any meridian could have been selected as 0° longitude because all have the same length and all run between the poles.

65
Q

equator

A

0 degrees latitude

66
Q

prime meridian

A

The 0° longitude runs through Greenwich,

67
Q

How did ppl tell time back in the day?

A

Back in time ppl would set their clocks according to the motion of the sun no standard times- each community set their own times by correcting their clocks to high noon

Ppl began moving west using railroads but there were troubles because of the way time was kept

68
Q

Who created time zones?

A

1878 Canadian sir Flemming proposed the globe would be divided into 24 time zones each 15 degrees of width between longitude
Longitude is the basis for calculating time

69
Q

International Date Line

A

is an arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude

where days begin and end

70
Q

How many time zones are in Canada?

A

Six Time Zones across Canada

71
Q

i

A

Daylight Savings- sask doesn’t

Winter and Summer differences in some (but not all) provinces

Newfoundland has a special 30 minute time zone

Was not part of Canada when time zones were established

Since its 3 and a half hrs from greenich they would adopt own time zone

Attempted to change in 1963 but ppl opposed

Lloydminster in sask shares borders with Alberta so it uses that time zone

72
Q

Sense of place

A

infusing a place with meaning and emotion

House vs home

73
Q

Perception of place

A

belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, stories, or pictures.

74
Q

location

A

position of anything on earths surface

75
Q

location

A

position of anything on earths surface

Geographers describe a feature’s place on Earth by identifying its location

76
Q

Accessibility

A

degree to which isolation may be overcome)

The ease of reaching a particular place

Expressed in terms of travel time and cost

Greater accessibility greater travel time

Parks and libraries

77
Q

Connectivity

A

total number of ways that a place is linked to other places)

Number and kind of linkages

Airports, availibity of high-speed computer network, large highways

78
Q

Connectivity

A

total number of ways that a place is linked to other places)

Number and kind of linkages

Airports, availability of high-speed computer network, large highways

79
Q

toponym

A

is the name given to a place on Earth

Names can be controversial

80
Q

Major reasons people change toponyms

A

After decolonization

New governments renamed several countries and newly independent countries also changed the names of cities and towns to reflect their independence

Gold Coast to Ghana

East Pakistan to Bangladesh

Dutch (or Netherlands) East Indies to Indonesia

After a political revolution

Changes in power through coups and revolutions prompt name changes

To memorialize people or events

People change a toponym to memorialize an important person or even

Vimy Ridge park

Lagimodiere Boulevard( john baptiste lagimodiere was a fur trader went to red river continued as voyageur, grandfather of lousi riel)

Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources

To commodify or brand a place

MTS Center

Investors Group Field

81
Q

Site:

A

local physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of a place

For example: topography, vegetation, languages spoken, common religions, etc.

what are the local physical and cultural characteristics of Winnipeg?

Multicultural, dams

82
Q

Situation

A

refers to external relations and connections of a place

How is the place located relative to other places and things?

what are its connections? How accessible is the place

What are the politcal economic, social or other characteristics?
How is Winnipeg connected to other places?

How accessible is Winnipeg?

How close is Winnipeg to raw materials (not at the site)?

Delivers goods via railroad has airport located near agriculture places

83
Q

Natural Landscape

A

the physical setting for human activity, help to shape how people live (e.g. climate, resources and terrain)

84
Q

Cultural Landscape:

A

the visible expression of human activity or influence on the environment

Anything we do to modify environment- man made

85
Q

Regions-

A

artifical construct that enable us to make sense of the world

Enough similarity in some characteristic that link the region together but also contrast with what surrounds it

gains meaning through its unique combination of features

86
Q

Formal/ uniform region:

A

defined by a commonality, typically a cultural linkage(langauge) or a physical characteristic(climate)

Administrative: province, state, country (e.g. Manitoba has a government that passes laws, collects taxes, issues license plates, determines provincial healthcare, etc)

Thematic: German speaking region of Europe, the area of town where the wealthiest people live

regions can be proven to exist
Data can be collected about them
Ex- climates, nations counties and cities (have formal boundaries that don’t change), physical features, language and culture

87
Q

Functional region

A

defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it

Each has at least one node, usually the business, office or entity that coordinates the activity

The region is tied to the central node by transportation or communication systems, or economics

Interdependent

E.g. an airline, the market served by a grocery store

Centered on a focal point that connects other areas by various reasons such as transportation communication or economic activity

Ex of functional- city wifi hot spot towns water delivery, transit

have a use
Have a center and are connected with the area around it by some form of transportation
Ex- water pipeline, power supplies (center = power plant transportation= power lines), pizza delivery area, phone services

88
Q

Vernacular or Perceptual Region

A

ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness.”

Boundaries arent always clear

	e.g. 	the South 

		the Mid-Atlantic 

		the Middle East  Opinions about regions   No clear boundaries based on stereotypes not facts   Opinions about parts of town- this is where rich people live, downtown Winnipeg is bad, countries being stereotyped
89
Q

Globalization

A

A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating interdependence across national borders (increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging process of economic cultural and political change)

cultural, social, and economic traits are adopted throughout the world

a growing integration and interdependence of world communities through a vast network of trade and communication

Widens and deepens connectedness between people and places

A response to technology change and global capitalism

Predominantly a recent (late twentieth century on) phenomenon, fuelled by increases in mobility/communication, cultural flows, and economic integration

E.g. fast food brands, language, religion

90
Q

ex of globalization

A

Spread of global consumer culture

Western movies and TV – spread of “Hollywood culture”

Fast food disrupting (corrupting?) traditional diets

Fads and pop culture – Fidget spinners, Fingerlings, Feisty Pets, Unicorn and poop EVERYTHING, vaping

Technology: Amazon Alexa, Nintendo Switch, Minecraft and Fortnite

Greater international travel, tourism, immigration, and illegal immigration

Nonmaterial culture also dispersed

World-wide sporting events – Olympic Games

Human rights, women’s rights groups, environmental movements

Drugs, crime, human trafficking, sweatshops

91
Q

what are some threats posed by globalization?

A

Threats is that it reduces social diversity creating social tension
poses threats to local cultural beliefs

92
Q

transnational corporation

A

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located.

93
Q

benefits of globalization

A

cultural differences flourish
preservation of cultural diversity
because of it we can watch tv shows from all different cultures

94
Q

Spatial Association

A

occurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature

Examples for Baltimore City are below: What might you conclude about areas with lower income and lower life expectancy and the propensity of liquor stores?

95
Q

causation vs correlation

A

Things can be correlated (related), but that doesn’t mean one thing caused the other

96
Q

What are 3 properties of distribution?

A

density, concentration, and pattern

97
Q

distribution

A

arrangement of a feature in space is known

98
Q

density

A

is the frequency with which something occurs in space.

number of feature and land area

99
Q

concentration

A

The extent of a feature’s spread over space

if the objects in an area are close together, they are clustered; if relatively far apart, they are dispersed. To compare the level of concentration most clearly, two areas need to have the same number of objects and the same size area.

100
Q

pattern

A

which is the geometric arrangement of objects in space
Some features are
organized in a geometric pattern, whereas others are distributed irregularly. Geographers observe that many objects form a
linear distribution, such as the arrangement of houses along a street or stations along a subway line.

101
Q

income of women worldwide

A

Worldwide its 55% that of men

102
Q

uneven development

A

the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy

103
Q

connection

A

refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

104
Q

hearth

A

A new idea originates at a source known as a harth and spreads across space from one place to another

105
Q

what are the types of diffusion

A

expansion

relocation

106
Q

what are the types of expansion diffusion?

A

Contagious
hierarchical
stimulus

107
Q

diffusion

A

the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

108
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

idea or innovation spreads outward from the hearth

109
Q

Contagious

A

spreads adjacently (i.e. person to person). Something “goes viral”

Ex- common cold, play a song for a friend they like

110
Q

Hierarchical

A

spreads along hierarchies

is a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused

i.e. biggest to smallest, most powerful to least powerful, most connected to least connected

Spreads from people of power to people of lower status

111
Q

Stimulus

A

an idea promotes similar (but NOT the same) development. The spread of an underlying principle

Competitors have adopted the same idea as apple iPhone but the phones are not the same but are based on similar ideas

112
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

Occurs through migration

Involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation to carry it to a new location and it spread throughout the new location through different types of diffusion

113
Q

distance decay

A

The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
the farther a person has to travel to get something or meet someone the less likely they will make the trip)
much less severe than in past
Generally: interaction of places is inversely related to the square of the distance separating them

Interaction = 1 / d^2

114
Q

space-time compression

A

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place

115
Q

Tobler’s 1st law of geography

A

All things are related but near things are more related than far things

116
Q

Innovation:

A

the changes due to new ideas generated within the culture (resistance to innovation is cultural lag)

117
Q

Acculturation

A

process where an ethnic group is absorbed into a larger society while retaining aspects of distinct identity

Do everything of new culture but keep their cultural traditions- my family

118
Q

Assimilation

A

is the process by which a group’s cultural features are absorbed into larger society and the group loses aspects of their separate identity

Not wearing clothes speaking language eating food of their home land

119
Q

Syncretism

A

is the combination of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature

The two groups form a new culture

120
Q

network

A

chain of communication thatc connects places

121
Q

resource

A

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use

122
Q

sustainability

A

is the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future.

123
Q

what are the 3 pillars of sustainability?

A

social
environment
economic

124
Q

environment pillar

A

The sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation is conservation. Resources such as trees and wildlife are conserved if they are consumed at a less rapid rate than they can be replaced

125
Q

social pillar

A

Humans need shelter, food, and clothing to survive, so they make use of resources to meet these needs. Consumer choices can support sustainability when people embrace it as a value. For example, consumers might prefer clothing made of sustainable resources such as cotton, or clothing made of unsustainable resources such as polyester made from petroleum. They can also choose products that benefit people living in a particular place

126
Q

economic pillar

A

Natural resources acquire a monetary value through exchange in a marketplace (Figure 1.12.4). The price of a resource depends on the value placed on it by people, and on people’s technological ability to obtain it. The greater the supply of a resource, the lower the price; the greater the demand for it by people, the higher the price.

127
Q

what are the 4 systems of the earth?

A

atmosphere - abiotic
hydrosphere- abiotic
lithosphere- abiotic
biosphere - biotic

128
Q

atmosphere

A

a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

129
Q

hydrosphere

A

all of the water on and near the earths surface

130
Q

lithosphere

A

earths crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust

131
Q

biosphere

A

all living organisms- plants and animals and microorganisms

132
Q

ecosystem

A

A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact

133
Q

ecology

A

study of ecosystems

134
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

environment shaped /controlled human culture and actions (1800s, now rejected)

Overly simplistic- cause and effect

Similar settings do not produce similar behaviour

Contributes to judging other cultures based on your own culture

Racial view

Enviormnet creates society and culture makes them act the same way

People who lived in tropical areas were lazy and not smart

Takes more the temperature

Everyone living in winnipeg would act and think the same way

135
Q

Possibilism

A

environment sets limits, but people decide how to respond to the environment

People determine culture but environment sets some limits

Agriculture- you cant grow certain things here

136
Q

cultural geography

A

geographic study of human environment relationships

137
Q

polder

A

piece of land that is created by draining water from an area
built to reduce the countries dependence on imported food

138
Q

Sustainable vs unsustainable ecosystem

A

dutch created polders and dike

The Dutch government has reserved most of the polders for agriculture to reduce the country’s dependence on imported food.
The Dutch have also constructed massive dikes to prevent the North Sea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, from flooding much of the country. The Zuider Zee project in the north converted a saltwater sea to a freshwater lake called Lake IJssel. Some of the lake has been drained to create polders

california- California and neighboring states in the U.S. Southwest have grown rapidly and prospered despite limited supplies of water. An extended drought in recent years, followed by flooding, has called into question the region’s ability to sustain its residents’ current lifestyles

Groundwater is being removed more rapidly than it is being replenished. Residents and businesses use only 20 percent of California’s water. The other 80 percent goes to agriculture. The biggest challenge posed to the sustainability of California’s ecosystems by the drought is for agriculture. Much of the land used for agriculture in California does not get enough rainfall even in normal times to grow crop

Human Geography (9 decks)

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