Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic

A

composed of non living or inorganic matter

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2
Q

Acculturation

A

process where an ethnic group is absorbed into a larger society while retaining aspects of distinct identity

Do everything of new culture but keep their cultural traditions- my family

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3
Q

What is the word geography based on?

A

invented by Greek Erastosthenes
on two Greek words
Geo means “Earth” and “graphy” means “to write”

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4
Q

How do geography and history differ?

A

a geographer can go to the place

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5
Q

Areal differentiation

A

geographers look at where things occur, why they are there and how things differ from place to place

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6
Q

Spatial analysis

A

way to analyze data which includes information about location of places and characteristics, allows for examining spatial attributes of earths surface

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7
Q

Human geographers ask?

A

“Where are people and activities found on Earth?” and “Why are they there?”

ex- what languages are spoken in Manitoba

what language characteristics vary from place to place

(french spoken in Manitoba vs french spoken in France/ Quebec)

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8
Q

Summarize geography’s five most basic concepts

A
place
region 
scale
space 
connection
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9
Q

place

A

is a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic.

Each place occupies a unique location or position

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10
Q

region

A

is an area of Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic

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11
Q

What do geographers use to explain why every place is unique?

A

place and region

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12
Q

What do geographers use to explain why different places are interrelated?

A

scale
space
connection

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of regions?

A

Formal- share a common feature

Functional- defined by activity

Perceptual- ideas we have abt what constitues a region

Ex- canadian praries

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14
Q

Scale

A

is the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

Geographers are concerned abt global scale

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15
Q

Space

A

refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects

Not outer space

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16
Q

Connection

A

refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

Concerned abt various means through which connections occur

Specially interested between connections of human activity and physical space

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17
Q

Absolute Location

A

A precise system of locating phenomena in space (e.g. latitude and longitude)- mathematical location

Provides unique description of location

Describes on point on earths surafce

Specific address

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18
Q

Relative Location

A

The position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities- sometimes carries social

Neither precise or unique

Can change over time

Ex- winnipeg is located in southern manitoba

780 km southeast of Saskatoon, a little over 215 km east of Brandon and just over 100 km north of the US border- describing winnipeg in terms of other places location

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19
Q

Absolute Direction

A

non-culture bound(isnt subject to change in different areas), based on the cardinal, or compass, points (e.g. Saskatoon is northwest of Winnipeg and southeast of Edmonton)

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20
Q

Relative Direction

A

culturally dependent and vary by location (e.g. does Winnipeg truly belong in the West or is it something else? Is La Ronge, Saskatchewan, in the North, or near the North?)

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21
Q

Absolute Distance

A

absolute spatial separation between two places (i.e. 400 KM)

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22
Q

Relative Distance

A

non-absolute measurements of separation between places

e.g. eight hours from Winnipeg to Saskatoon)

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23
Q

Cartography

A

is the science of mapmaking

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24
Q

Reference maps

A

Show locations of places and geographic features

Use absolute locations

Can be used for a variety of purposes

Look up roads and rivers

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25
Thematic maps
Tell a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution, or its movement Used for one specifc reason Ex- where a specific langauge is spoken, identify rain patterns, income globally
26
Proportional symbol/ graduated circle
Uses different sizes of shape to represent quantity of the theme All maps show population Problem is you cant see location largest of cities- we don’t know exactly which county the circle covers
27
Dot maps
represent the theme Each dot represents a particular amount Density is represented by density of dot In legend the dots are all the same size
28
Isopleth maps
use lines to get averages for an area Temp and elevation Contour map uses these lines If a contour shows ll lines at 50 m and joins them up the line represents all points at 50 m
29
Chloropleth maps
shade areas to represent numerical data by the intensity of the colour Differ from isopleth bc Use predetermined areas U can tell if it’s this type of map bc every state country will be shaded in according to boundary
30
Cartogram
maps with areas scaled to show some other value than shear size
31
GIS, what are the limitations
: Geographic Information System a collection of computer hardware and software that permits storage and analysis of layers of spatial data Very versatile- form and function are based on what is being studied Only limitation is data must have some spatial characteristic Data must have some attribute that can be located in space Spatial coordinate value- latitude or longitude, postal code
32
photogrammetry
the science of taking measurements of Earths surface from photographs
33
remote sensing
the acquisition of data about Earths surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance method
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Vector data
uses coordinates to identify points, paths and boundaries of polygons- represent real world data
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Raster data
uses pixels or cells to store information
36
Attribute data
data associate with the map but doesn’t appear on it Info stored on the GIS but doesn’t visually appear on map produced Includes stats values names and qualitative attributes
37
Qualitative data
In depth answers and responses from open ended question i.e. Tell me about your quality of life in Winnipeg. What makes it good or bad? Advantage is it provides info abt human behavior emotions or personality characteristics
38
Quantitative data
Test and verify hypothesis and develop models Numerical or “count data” How good is your quality of life (QOL) in Winnipeg? 1 = poor QOL,…, 5 = excellent QOL Advantage is it can be put all together and used for statistical analysis
39
/
Quantitative research requires the standardization of data collection to allow statistical comparison, but qualitative research requires flexibility, allowing you to respond to the interviewee during the research process. Qualitative research is very time consuming, particularly when entering and analyzing the data.
40
GPS
a system that determines the precise location of something on Earth
41
geotagging
identification and storage of a piece of info by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates
42
VGI
volunteered geographic info | the creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals
43
citizen science
scientific research by amaateur scientists
44
PGIS
participatory GIS | community based mapping representing local knowledge and info
45
mashup
is a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service
46
Mental Maps
Personal representation of a part of the Earth’s surface maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have heard of landmarks, paths, parks, “happy places”, “scary places”, etc
47
terra incognita,
unknown lands that are off limits
48
Activity Spaces
the places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity Most detailed and well known part of mental map
49
what 2 decisions must a cartographer make to make a map?
scale and projection
50
Scale: Interpreting Maps
is the spatial extent of something Things found at once scale are being influenced by what is happening at a different scale Ex- federal government can create policy affecting timber prices and change the amount of forestry or close down timber mills affecting ppl in community gives us a way of showing (in reduced form), all or part of the world (cartographic, or map, scale)
51
observational scale
the observations we make and the context we see varies across scales, such as: - local - regional - national - global
52
map scale
which is the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on Earth.
53
What does a scale of 1:10,000 mean?
Everything on map is one ten thousandths of its size in real life Map scale is unitless 1 mm on map = 10000 mm on ground
54
projection
Transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map
55
Mercator Projection
shows accurate shape of continents but distorts size particularly in high latitudes near the poles Created in 1569 What google maps uses Generally preserves shape of country- makes close up of cities accurate Original purpose was navigation- direction Was designed that if a line was drawn between 2 places on a map it would provide exact angle on the compass Size of countries is distorted Distortion shows imperialist attitude of European domination over southern hemisphere
56
Gall peters
distorts shape but shows correct size  Equal area map Size of countries are accuarte But shape isnt correct Preserves area In Mercator third world countries are shown smaller- valued less
57
(Robinson)
Some projections compromise between shape and size distortion useful for showing info across oceans land areas are smaller than on maps of same size
58
Goode homolosine
separates eastern and western into 2 pieces a characteristic known as interruption meridians that converge at the northa nd south poles dont converge at all and dont form angles with parallels
59
Winkel triple
1998 the Winkel triple was adopted because of its balance
60
4 types of distortions
shape: of an area can be distorted, so that it appears more elongated or squat than in reality distance: between two points may become increased or decreased relative size: of different areas may be altered, so that one area may appear larger than another on a map but is in reality smaller direction: from one place to another can be distorted.
61
parallel
is a circle drawn around the global parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians A circle numbered between 0 and 90 north or south latitude depending on if its north or south of equator
62
latitude
The numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator are scientifically derived by Earth’s shape and its rotation around the Sun. The equator (0° latitude) is the parallel with the largest circumference, where every day has 12 hours of daylight. E
63
meridian
is an arc drawn between the North and South Poles | is numbered between 0°and 180° east or west longitude, depending on whether it is east or west of 0°
64
longitude
The location of each meridian is identified on Earth’s surface according to a numbering system The meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, is 0° longitude, and the meridian on the opposite side of the globe from 0° is 180° longitude(international date line) human creation. Any meridian could have been selected as 0° longitude because all have the same length and all run between the poles.
65
equator
0 degrees latitude
66
prime meridian
The 0° longitude runs through Greenwich,
67
How did ppl tell time back in the day?
Back in time ppl would set their clocks according to the motion of the sun no standard times- each community set their own times by correcting their clocks to high noon Ppl began moving west using railroads but there were troubles because of the way time was kept
68
Who created time zones?
1878 Canadian sir Flemming proposed the globe would be divided into 24 time zones each 15 degrees of width between longitude Longitude is the basis for calculating time
69
International Date Line
is an arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude | where days begin and end 
70
How many time zones are in Canada?
Six Time Zones across Canada
71
i
Daylight Savings- sask doesn’t Winter and Summer differences in some (but not all) provinces Newfoundland has a special 30 minute time zone Was not part of Canada when time zones were established Since its 3 and a half hrs from greenich they would adopt own time zone Attempted to change in 1963 but ppl opposed Lloydminster in sask shares borders with Alberta so it uses that time zone
72
Sense of place
infusing a place with meaning and emotion House vs home
73
Perception of place
belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, stories, or pictures.
74
location
position of anything on earths surface
75
location
position of anything on earths surface | Geographers describe a feature’s place on Earth by identifying its location
76
Accessibility
degree to which isolation may be overcome) The ease of reaching a particular place Expressed in terms of travel time and cost Greater accessibility greater travel time Parks and libraries
77
Connectivity
total number of ways that a place is linked to other places) Number and kind of linkages Airports, availibity of high-speed computer network, large highways
78
Connectivity
total number of ways that a place is linked to other places) Number and kind of linkages Airports, availability of high-speed computer network, large highways
79
toponym
is the name given to a place on Earth Names can be controversial
80
Major reasons people change toponyms
After decolonization New governments renamed several countries and newly independent countries also changed the names of cities and towns to reflect their independence Gold Coast to Ghana East Pakistan to Bangladesh Dutch (or Netherlands) East Indies to Indonesia After a political revolution Changes in power through coups and revolutions prompt name changes To memorialize people or events People change a toponym to memorialize an important person or even Vimy Ridge park Lagimodiere Boulevard( john baptiste lagimodiere was a fur trader went to red river continued as voyageur, grandfather of lousi riel) Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources To commodify or brand a place MTS Center Investors Group Field
81
Site:
local physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of a place For example: topography, vegetation, languages spoken, common religions, etc. what are the local physical and cultural characteristics of Winnipeg? Multicultural, dams
82
Situation
refers to external relations and connections of a place How is the place located relative to other places and things? what are its connections? How accessible is the place What are the politcal economic, social or other characteristics? How is Winnipeg connected to other places? How accessible is Winnipeg? How close is Winnipeg to raw materials (not at the site)? Delivers goods via railroad has airport located near agriculture places
83
Natural Landscape
the physical setting for human activity, help to shape how people live (e.g. climate, resources and terrain)
84
Cultural Landscape:
the visible expression of human activity or influence on the environment Anything we do to modify environment- man made
85
Regions-
artifical construct that enable us to make sense of the world Enough similarity in some characteristic that link the region together but also contrast with what surrounds it gains meaning through its unique combination of features
86
Formal/ uniform region:
defined by a commonality, typically a cultural linkage(langauge) or a physical characteristic(climate) Administrative: province, state, country (e.g. Manitoba has a government that passes laws, collects taxes, issues license plates, determines provincial healthcare, etc) Thematic: German speaking region of Europe, the area of town where the wealthiest people live regions can be proven to exist Data can be collected about them Ex- climates, nations counties and cities (have formal boundaries that don’t change), physical features, language and culture
87
Functional region
defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it Each has at least one node, usually the business, office or entity that coordinates the activity The region is tied to the central node by transportation or communication systems, or economics Interdependent E.g. an airline, the market served by a grocery store Centered on a focal point that connects other areas by various reasons such as transportation communication or economic activity Ex of functional- city wifi hot spot towns water delivery, transit have a use Have a center and are connected with the area around it by some form of transportation Ex- water pipeline, power supplies (center = power plant transportation= power lines), pizza delivery area, phone services
88
Vernacular or Perceptual Region
ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness.” Boundaries arent always clear e.g. the South the Mid-Atlantic the Middle East Opinions about regions No clear boundaries based on stereotypes not facts Opinions about parts of town- this is where rich people live, downtown Winnipeg is bad, countries being stereotyped
89
Globalization
A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating interdependence across national borders (increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging process of economic cultural and political change) cultural, social, and economic traits are adopted throughout the world a growing integration and interdependence of world communities through a vast network of trade and communication Widens and deepens connectedness between people and places A response to technology change and global capitalism Predominantly a recent (late twentieth century on) phenomenon, fuelled by increases in mobility/communication, cultural flows, and economic integration E.g. fast food brands, language, religion
90
ex of globalization
Spread of global consumer culture Western movies and TV – spread of “Hollywood culture” Fast food disrupting (corrupting?) traditional diets Fads and pop culture – Fidget spinners, Fingerlings, Feisty Pets, Unicorn and poop EVERYTHING, vaping Technology: Amazon Alexa, Nintendo Switch, Minecraft and Fortnite Greater international travel, tourism, immigration, and illegal immigration Nonmaterial culture also dispersed World-wide sporting events – Olympic Games Human rights, women’s rights groups, environmental movements Drugs, crime, human trafficking, sweatshops
91
what are some threats posed by globalization?
Threats is that it reduces social diversity creating social tension  poses threats to local cultural beliefs
92
transnational corporation
conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located.
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benefits of globalization
cultural differences flourish preservation of cultural diversity because of it we can watch tv shows from all different cultures
94
Spatial Association
occurs within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature Examples for Baltimore City are below: What might you conclude about areas with lower income and lower life expectancy and the propensity of liquor stores?
95
causation vs correlation
Things can be correlated (related), but that doesn’t mean one thing caused the other
96
What are 3 properties of distribution?
density, concentration, and pattern
97
distribution
arrangement of a feature in space is known
98
density
is the frequency with which something occurs in space. | number of feature and land area
99
concentration
The extent of a feature’s spread over space if the objects in an area are close together, they are clustered; if relatively far apart, they are dispersed. To compare the level of concentration most clearly, two areas need to have the same number of objects and the same size area.
100
pattern
which is the geometric arrangement of objects in space Some features are organized in a geometric pattern, whereas others are distributed irregularly. Geographers observe that many objects form a linear distribution, such as the arrangement of houses along a street or stations along a subway line.
101
income of women worldwide
Worldwide its 55% that of men
102
uneven development
the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy
103
connection
refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
104
hearth
A new idea originates at a source known as a harth and spreads across space from one place to another
105
what are the types of diffusion
expansion | relocation
106
what are the types of expansion diffusion?
Contagious hierarchical stimulus
107
diffusion
the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
108
Expansion Diffusion
idea or innovation spreads outward from the hearth
109
Contagious
spreads adjacently (i.e. person to person). Something “goes viral” Ex- common cold, play a song for a friend they like
110
Hierarchical
spreads along hierarchies is a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused i.e. biggest to smallest, most powerful to least powerful, most connected to least connected Spreads from people of power to people of lower status
111
Stimulus
an idea promotes similar (but NOT the same) development. The spread of an underlying principle Competitors have adopted the same idea as apple iPhone but the phones are not the same but are based on similar ideas
112
Relocation Diffusion
Occurs through migration Involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation to carry it to a new location and it spread throughout the new location through different types of diffusion
113
distance decay
The diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin the farther a person has to travel to get something or meet someone the less likely they will make the trip) much less severe than in past Generally: interaction of places is inversely related to the square of the distance separating them Interaction = 1 / d^2
114
space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place
115
Tobler's 1st law of geography
All things are related but near things are more related than far things
116
Innovation:
the changes due to new ideas generated within the culture (resistance to innovation is cultural lag)
117
Acculturation
process where an ethnic group is absorbed into a larger society while retaining aspects of distinct identity Do everything of new culture but keep their cultural traditions- my family
118
Assimilation
is the process by which a group’s cultural features are absorbed into larger society and the group loses aspects of their separate identity Not wearing clothes speaking language eating food of their home land
119
Syncretism
is the combination of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature The two groups form a new culture
120
network
chain of communication thatc connects places
121
resource
a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use
122
sustainability
is the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future.
123
what are the 3 pillars of sustainability?
social environment economic
124
environment pillar
The sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation is conservation. Resources such as trees and wildlife are conserved if they are consumed at a less rapid rate than they can be replaced
125
social pillar
Humans need shelter, food, and clothing to survive, so they make use of resources to meet these needs. Consumer choices can support sustainability when people embrace it as a value. For example, consumers might prefer clothing made of sustainable resources such as cotton, or clothing made of unsustainable resources such as polyester made from petroleum. They can also choose products that benefit people living in a particular place
126
economic pillar
Natural resources acquire a monetary value through exchange in a marketplace (Figure 1.12.4). The price of a resource depends on the value placed on it by people, and on people’s technological ability to obtain it. The greater the supply of a resource, the lower the price; the greater the demand for it by people, the higher the price.
127
what are the 4 systems of the earth?
atmosphere - abiotic hydrosphere- abiotic lithosphere- abiotic biosphere - biotic
128
atmosphere
a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
129
hydrosphere
all of the water on and near the earths surface
130
lithosphere
earths crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust
131
biosphere
all living organisms- plants and animals and microorganisms
132
ecosystem
A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact
133
ecology
study of ecosystems
134
Environmental Determinism
environment shaped /controlled human culture and actions (1800s, now rejected) Overly simplistic- cause and effect Similar settings do not produce similar behaviour Contributes to judging other cultures based on your own culture Racial view Enviormnet creates society and culture makes them act the same way People who lived in tropical areas were lazy and not smart Takes more the temperature Everyone living in winnipeg would act and think the same way
135
Possibilism
environment sets limits, but people decide how to respond to the environment People determine culture but environment sets some limits Agriculture- you cant grow certain things here
136
cultural geography
geographic study of human environment relationships
137
polder
piece of land that is created by draining water from an area built to reduce the countries dependence on imported food
138
Sustainable vs unsustainable ecosystem
dutch created polders and dike The Dutch government has reserved most of the polders for agriculture to reduce the country’s dependence on imported food. The Dutch have also constructed massive dikes to prevent the North Sea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, from flooding much of the country. The Zuider Zee project in the north converted a saltwater sea to a freshwater lake called Lake IJssel. Some of the lake has been drained to create polders california- California and neighboring states in the U.S. Southwest have grown rapidly and prospered despite limited supplies of water. An extended drought in recent years, followed by flooding, has called into question the region’s ability to sustain its residents’ current lifestyles Groundwater is being removed more rapidly than it is being replenished. Residents and businesses use only 20 percent of California’s water. The other 80 percent goes to agriculture. The biggest challenge posed to the sustainability of California’s ecosystems by the drought is for agriculture. Much of the land used for agriculture in California does not get enough rainfall even in normal times to grow crop