Chapter 2 Flashcards

Question

i

Answer 1

The developed countries have accounted for a very small percentage of the RNI since 1980 Small families in more developed countries= low CBR About 2/3 of all population growth since 1980 has been is Asia The 18th century market the beginning of rapid population increase for the world

Answer 2

a model describing population change over time Birth rates Death rates Population change 4 stages (5?) model captures the change in birth rates, death rates, and natural growth rates over the course of British industrialization (200 years ago) Applies to group of countries rather than individual countries

Answer 3

Stage 1: Low Growth - Death rate fluctuates bc of disease poor sanitation - no country rn is in stage 1 - Very high CBR and CDR low NIR Stage 2: High Growth - Dramatic drop in stage 2 of CDR - Improvement in food distribution, sanitation and hygiene, medical advancements, political stability - Birth rate is high in stage 2 - Takes individuals a little bit of time they don’t need to have lots of time - RNI- is high meaning population is booming - high CBR rapidly declining CDR very high NIR Stage 3: Moderate Growth - increase urbanization, women working, smaller families living in cities - RNI declining means its less that stage 2 rapidly declining CBR. moderately declining CDR moderate NIR Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary - on average birth rate is still higher than death rate - We don’t see much variation between death rate today - Birth rate usually - very Low CBR, low slightly increasing CDR - 0 or negative NIR

Answer 4

2. Gambia, saudi arabia, pakistan, kenya. Guatemala 3. Mexico, India, algeria, Indonesia 4. Denmark, Canada, China, USA,Germany

Answer 5

Around 700,000 female babies are “missing” every year in China and India, as a result of gender-based sex selection

Answer 6

is the standard biological measure of male to female babies that are born Average sex ratio at birth is 105 male babies for every 100 female babies 51% chance of having a boy and 49 % chance of a girl

Answer 7

The high sex ratios of China and India can be used to calculate the probable percent of “missing” baby girls The United Nations concludes that the “root cause” of sex selection is gender inequality Almost 120 million females have gone missing in Asia Pregnancy was terminated, baby girl was killed

Answer 8

India’s sex ratio is 111 boys / 100 girls, and as high as 123 boys in some states Dowries in India- girls seen as burden China’s sex ratio as 115 boys / 100 girls, and as high as 160 boys in rural areas for 2nd births One child policy Both countries have a strong cultural preference for male children

Answer 9

is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management Women gets hit by car and isnt pregnant that would count in CDR but not in maternal mortality rate generally more developed countries have lower maternal mortality rate

Answer 10

In 2015, the global maternal mortality rate was 216, with only 8 in Europe- 300, 000 women Spatially variable according to where we live The United States (14 death/100,000 births) and Canada (11 deaths/100,000 births) saw increases between 1990 and 2013 May be due to risks from obesity, diabetes, and older women giving birth Improved data collection could affect the numbers too Lack of insurance and poverty in the US could contribute On average 250 00 for giving birth without complications We are doing better 1990= 400

Answer 11

s its high bc of high blood pressure, bleeding out not proper health care resources

Answer 12

is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births Higher in poorer places and poorer parts of developed countries Variation between urban and rural areas, minority and majority populations IMR= deaths under age 1/ live births in year x 1000 reflects a countries health care system

Answer 13

demographic transition A country in stage 2 of the demographic transition typically has a relatively high percentage of young people, whereas a country in stage 4 has a relatively high percentage of elderly people.

Answer 14

BC and Pei are top ranked provinces between 2009-2011 MB SK NT all rank low NU (18.5 deaths/1000 births) is 3x higher than the national average canada overall 3 year average IMR: 4.9 US 3 year average: 6.2

Answer 15

A leading cause of death in Nunavut is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Other causes are infection and conditions associated with low weight and preterm babies Education can help Proper sleep methods for babies and awareness about the dangers of smoking during pregnancy Maternal smoking is more prevalent in Inuit women Teen pregnancies is also higher in Nunavut

Answer 16

1979 Indigenous IMR 27.6 deaths per 1,000 live births- more than twice of Canada 1991 Indigenous IMR 12.1 2006 Indigenous IMR was 9.6 (4.4 for Non-Indigenous) Varies between groups (Statistics Canada, 2017) 2006 Metis: 10.5 2006 First Nations: 9.6 2006 Inuit: 12.3 Rates of death from SIDS were more than seven times higher in the First Nations and Inuit populations than in the non-Indigenous population

Answer 17

is the number of working-age people between the ages of 15 and 64 divided by the elderly people(65 and older) Currently 9 In 2050, we may only have 4 people of working age available to support each elderly person! As potential support ratio becomes lower it becomes financial burden on workers to support elderly ppl

Answer 18

A measure of the Productive Capacity of a population, with respect to age structure the number of dependents both youth and elderly/ the number of workers Productive segment (PS): between 15(20) and 64 years (the workers) Dependent segment (DS): under 15(20) or over 64 (the dependents) DR = DS/ PS x 100 it measures the number of dependents that each 100 people in the productive sector must support

Answer 19

Comparing physiological and arithmetic densities helps geographers understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people

Answer 20

The Netherlands, for example, with the relatively high Arithmetic (505) and Physiological (924) Density ratios and low Agricultural Density (10) might suggest that they put heavy pressure on the land to produce food but use sophisticated technology that requires few farmers

Answer 21

World has been adding 1 billion ppl approx every 12 years If RNI stays same doubling time will be in 62 years

Answer 22

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social and economic and medical conditions

Answer 23

annual per capita expenditure of health care exceeds $1,000 in more developed countries only $100 in less developed nations developed countries spend more and a higher percentage of their wealth

Answer 24

countries in europe have more than 50 hospital beds per 10 000 people africa 10, 10 000 people

Answer 25

is a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender A country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition has a pyramid with a broader base than that of a country in stage 4

Answer 26

branch of medical science concerned with incidence and control of disease that are prevalent among populations at a particular time

Answer 27

is disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Answer 28

Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine (High CDR) Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR) Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases- human created Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR)

Answer 29

Infectious and parasitic diseases are the principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans History’s most violent stage 1 epidemic was the Black Plague (bubonic plague), which was probably transmitted to humans by disease from migrating infected rats Between 1347- 1350 abt 50 million Europeans died

Answer 30

Cholera, contracted primarily from exposure to contaminated water, has been a troubling pandemic during the early years of stage 2 of the demographic transition Dr. John Snow, a noted anesthesiologist in London, mapped cases of cholera in London’s Soho District in 1854 and found a link to contaminated water Another example is HIV and aids Cholera persists still today in places still in stage 2 of the demographic transition, where many people lack access to clean drinking water Cholera is also found in areas prone to flooding

Answer 31

This is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging The two especially important chronic disorders in stage 3 are cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks, and various forms of cancer Places in Africa might have lower risk of cancer so lower stage 3 but that doesn’t mean ppl don’t die they just die of epidemics

Answer 32

(Low but Increasing CDR) Cardiovascular diseases and cancers linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances Consumption of non-nutritious food and sedentary behavior have resulted in an increase in obesity in stage 4 countries Life expectancy in USA decreased over the past few years due to obesity

Answer 33

cause of death in Nunavut is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Other causes are infection and conditions associated with low weight and preterm babies Education can help Proper sleep methods for babies and awareness about the dangers of smoking during pregnancy Maternal smoking is more prevalent in Inuit women Teen pregnancies is also higher in Nunavut

Answer 34

Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops Concave sides- looks like a evergreen tree Youngest age groups have largest share of population Very high dependency ratio because of the kids Not a lot of elderly ppl

Answer 35

Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout Grandparents are replaced by parent which are replaced by kids Have beehive shape

Answer 36

is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly between the ages of 15 and 49)- spatially and temporally variable, will change with economic and political policies 2.1- 2.3- higher than 2 bc it has to compensate for early death

Answer 37

A rate of births per woman that would guarantee a stable population

Answer 38

is a TFR in which the population neither grows nor declines (NRI = 0) Globally fertility rates are declining Every region in world has decreased fertility rates- even the ones with the highest Europe has lowest Reason is education of women

Answer 39

Evolution poverty and increased connections

Answer 40

1.Education of women in less developed countries Leads to economic control for the women They better understand their reproductive rights Access to improved health care improved contraceptives/increased knowledge and acceptance of contraceptives Opposition occurs for political and religious reasons Reduced infant and child mortality (less need to replace children who die High rates of urbanization increase the cost-benefit ratio of children Increased education of women has raised earning power and increased the "opportunity cost" of child bearing and child rearing Improved technology leads to greater return on “investment” (incentive to educate children rather than to have large numbers of kids)

Answer 41

Mexico= stage 3 Bottom is fairly straight, triangular shape, sides filling in a bit Denmark and USA= 4 Straight sides- you don’t have high death rate or birth rate Population is being replaces by itself Lots of ppl are living into older years Low birth rate and low death rate Small RNI= 0.5%, 1 % Denmark at bottom shows parents are having less kids- tapered ends

Answer 42

Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops Can visually right away convey the demographic identity of a country Concave sides- looks like a evergreen tree Youngest age groups have largest share of population Very high dependency ratio because of the kids Not a lot of elderly ppl Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout Grandparents are replaced by parent which are replaced by kids Have beehive shape Bulge around 40-50 year Olds- baby bummers

Answer 43

Possible stage 5 of the demographic transition is predicted by demographers for some developed countries. Very low CBR, an increasing CDR(bc of aging population), and a negative RNI (NRI) A stage 5 country would have relatively few young women aging into childbearing years As member of this smaller pool of women choose to have fewer children, birth rate drops will be dramatic Negative RNI= shrinking population Very few children On average 2 ppl will have one children There can be economic problems later with this type of population Japan Singapore Germany Germany will have huge problematic reasons to support elderly

Answer 44

1950 – 1979 the government encouraged later marriage and fewer children In 1979 the government began the One Child Policy(wasn’t just one policy but a series of policies, a couple would need to apply for and have a permit in order to have a child) free contraceptives offered, abortions and sterilizations were common Rewards- couples would receive financial subsides, longer maternity leave, better housing, more farming area in rural Penalties, including fines, were levied for a 2nd or 3rd child Pay back the benefits you received for first child, no longer receive free education health care 10% pay reduction Infanticide (especially girls) was a means of keeping to the policy In 1965, CBR was ~37 births/1,000 people In 1986, CBR was 18 births/ 1,000 Technically policy worked The policy was successful, and the population is 300 million less than it would have been The policy has been changed to a 2 child policy Economic growth= fewer children Bad results- kinship categories disappeared for a country that has valued family, exceptions for family in rural area, social side effects, skewed sex ratio, economic consequences, not enough women to marry males

Answer 45

embarked on a national family planning program starting in 1952 1st country in world to have this During the 1970s, India set up camps to perform sterilizations, but this resulted in widespread opposition Particularly for men- given cash incentives Wasn't successful strategy Still, the most dominant form of birth control continues to be sterilization of women Now these programs highlight education Sex education Main type of contraception is still sterilization

Answer 46

If the demographic transition is to include a stage 5, Japan will be one of the world’s first countries to reach it Japan faces a severe shortage of workers. Instead of increasing immigration, Japan is encouraging more Japanese people to work

Answer 47

Infectious disease microbes have continuously evolved and changed in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides Malaria caused an estimated 620,000 deaths worldwide in 2012 largely due to the evolution of D D T-resistant mosquitoes Malaria still continues to kill millions of ppl in sub Saharan Africa

Answer 48

Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas than other places because unsanitary conditions may persist, and most people can’t afford the drugs needed for treatment Tuberculosis (TB) has been largely controlled in developed countries but remains a major cause of death in developing countries TB is prevalent in poor areas bc antibiotics are expensive

Answer 49

Pandemics have spread in recent decades through the process of relocation diffusion The most lethal pandemic in recent years has been AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) AIDS entered the United States primarily through the airports with the most international arrivals. Increased connections and globalization have been a huge aspect of spreading pandemics

Answer 50

Developed countries use part of their wealth to protect people who, for various reasons, are unable to work Annual per capita expenditure on health care exceeds $1,000 in developed countries, compared to less than $100 in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Expenditure on health care exceeds 15 percent of all government spending in Europe and North America, compared to less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia developed countries spend more on health care, they spend a higher percentage of their wealth on health care

Answer 51

The high expenditure on health care in developed countries is reflected in medical facilities Most countries in Europe have more than 50 hospital beds per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 20 in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southwest Asia Europe has more than 30 physicians per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 5 in sub-Saharan Africa

Answer 52

is a condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Answer 53

was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies In An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, Malthus claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically

Answer 54

argue that characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus’s thesis more frightening than when it was first proposed more than 200 years ago In Malthus’s time, only a few relatively wealthy countries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition Now, relatively poor countries are in stage 2 As a result, the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than even Malthus anticipated World population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production. The world faces a frightening future in which billions of people are engaged in a desperate search for food, water, and energy

Answer 55

Many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding Critics also argue that population growth is not a problem To the contrary, a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore production of more food Marxist critics argue that poverty and hunger are a result of an unjust society and economic inequality, not population growth. The world possesses sufficient resources to eliminate hunger and poverty, if only these resources are shared equally

Answer 56

Malthus was fairly close to the mark on resources but much too pessimistic on population growth Overall food production has increased during the last half-century somewhat more rapidly than Malthus predicted in countries such as China and India Better growing techniques, higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land have contributed to the expansion in the food supply On the other hand, the food supply has barely kept up with population growth in Africa