Chapter 2 Flashcards
How many portions can the world be divided into?
The world can be divided into seven portions, each containing approximately 1 billion people.
Great geographic variation
Population Cartogram
depicts the size of countries according to population rather than land area(physical size)
Explain reasons for the distribution of the world’s peoples?
People are not evenly spread throughout the world
They tend to inhabit places with low lying areas with temperate climate and soil suitable for agriculture
Areas that are desert, extremely cold tend to be sparsely populated
Population Clusters (where does population cluster)
Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants live in four regions—East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe
1/4 live in east asia- china
600 million in southeast asia
1/4 in south asia
ecumene
The proportion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement
This is important because its tells how
much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on.
List the three types of density used in population geography
Arithmetic Density
Physiological Density
Agricultural Density
Population density
is the number of humans living within a area
Number of ppl divided by area of land
describe Arithmetic Density: give limitations and benefits
the total number of people divided by the total land area
Crude measure- simple measure
Limitations is it doesn’t distinguish between land in an area- some of which may be useful
Assumes ppl are Evenly spread throughout the land
It enables geographers to compare the number of people living on a given piece of land in different regions of the world
It answers the “where” question
Give examples of a countries arithmetic density?
Canada is the second largest country in world- small population huge land area - small arithmetic density
Japan has high arithmetic density bc they have large population living on small area
Physiological Density
the number of people supported by a unit area of arable(farm land) land
Population/ farm land
Takes into account how much of land can be used for agriculture and gives indication of pressure on resources
arable land
land good for agriculture
Why would Egypt have such a striking difference between physiological density and arithmetic density?
Only the Nile River Valley and delta have enough moisture for intensive agriculture and about 95 percent of Egyptians live in this region
Puts enormous pressure on this land
Agricultural Density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Sophisticated technology can allow vast increases in crop yields with fewer people
Countries that are more developed are able to have more sophisticated technology that allows them to produce more crop with fewer ppl- lower agricultural density
Less developed countries will have higher agriculture density
What are the 3 ways to measure population change in a country or the world?
natural rate of increase (NRI)
crude death rate (CDR)
crude birth rate (CBR)
census
a complete enumeration of a population
United States conducts the census every 10 years
Canada conducts the census every 5 years (years ending in 1 and 6 years)
Last was in 2016 and 2021
Very expensive to run a census that’s why we don’t do it every year
Vital stats
info that is updated every time there’s birth death and that info is used to update info in census between those 5 years
natural rate of increase (NRI)
natural increase rate (NIR) or Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
the percentage by which a population grows in a year
CBR-CDR = NIR
- Excludes migration
is tells us how much the population is increasing (or decreasing) each year
ranges from about 0 – 3.5% for most countries around the world
What is natural rate of increase (NRI) currently?
1.1
Means growing slowly
crude birth rate (CBR)
is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people
Called crude bc the denominator is not limited to women or women bearing children it includes everyone (men elderly ppl)
This is bc its simple easy to gather data
The world map of CBRs mirrors the distribution of RNI
more developed countries have lower CBR and less developed
births in a year/ populations at mid year x 1,000
What is CBR currently
20
means 20 for every 1000 ppl alive
crude death rate (CDR)
is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people
The CDR does not follow the same regional pattern as the CBR
The average CDR difference between developing and developed countries is very small
A poor measure of mortality in some respects (not sensitive to age structure, gender, education etc)
CDR does not tell us quality of life in a country but gives indication that its because of a aging population
No country has higher than 20 per 1000
CDR= deaths in a year/ mid year population x 1,000
Why is the the average CDR difference between developing and developed countries small?
Less developed countries will have relatively low CDR and more developed countries will have high CDR
8 per 1000 in less developed countries, 10 per 1000 in more developed countries
If a country has more aged ppl the CDR will increase
In Canada it will increase bc baby boomers will begin to die
High CDR in less developed countries doesn’t mean aging population but bc of disease, poor resources
What is the world crude death rate?
9/1,000
Doubling time
is the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Affected by CBR and CDR
currently 62 years
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The developed countries have accounted for a very small percentage of the RNI since 1980
Small families in more developed countries= low CBR
About 2/3 of all population growth since 1980 has been is Asia
The 18th century market the beginning of rapid population increase for the world
The Demographic Transition
a model describing population change over time
Birth rates
Death rates
Population change
4 stages (5?)
model captures the change in birth rates, death rates, and natural growth rates over the course of British industrialization (200 years ago)
Applies to group of countries rather than individual countries
Explain the stages of the Demographic Transition
Stage 1: Low Growth
- Death rate fluctuates bc of disease poor sanitation
- no country rn is in stage 1
- Very high CBR and CDR low NIR
Stage 2: High Growth
- Dramatic drop in stage 2 of CDR
- Improvement in food distribution, sanitation and hygiene, medical advancements, political stability
- Birth rate is high in stage 2
- Takes individuals a little bit of time they don’t need to have lots of time
- RNI- is high meaning population is booming
- high CBR rapidly declining CDR very high NIR
Stage 3: Moderate Growth
- increase urbanization, women working, smaller families living in cities
- RNI declining means its less that stage 2
rapidly declining CBR. moderately declining CDR moderate NIR
Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary
- on average birth rate is still higher than death rate
- We don’t see much variation between death rate today
- Birth rate usually
- very Low CBR, low slightly increasing CDR
- 0 or negative NIR
Examples of countries that are in each stage of the demographic transition
- Gambia, saudi arabia, pakistan, kenya. Guatemala
- Mexico, India, algeria, Indonesia
- Denmark, Canada, China, USA,Germany
How many babies go missing every year in China and india
Around 700,000 female babies are “missing” every year in China and India, as a result of gender-based sex selection
sex ratio
is the standard biological measure of male to female babies that are born
Average sex ratio at birth is 105 male babies for every 100 female babies
51% chance of having a boy and 49 % chance of a girl
Explain health risks faced by baby girls
The high sex ratios of China and India can be used to calculate the probable percent of “missing” baby girls
The United Nations concludes that the “root cause” of sex selection is gender inequality
Almost 120 million females have gone missing in Asia
Pregnancy was terminated, baby girl was killed
What are the sex ratios in India and china
India’s sex ratio is 111 boys / 100 girls, and as high as 123 boys in some states
Dowries in India- girls seen as burden
China’s sex ratio as 115 boys / 100 girls, and as high as 160 boys in rural areas for 2nd births
One child policy
Both countries have a strong cultural preference for male children
maternal mortality rate
is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management
Women gets hit by car and isnt pregnant that would count in CDR but not in maternal mortality rate
generally more developed countries have lower maternal mortality rate
Describe the MMR around the world
In 2015, the global maternal mortality rate was 216, with only 8 in Europe- 300, 000 women
Spatially variable according to where we live
The United States (14 death/100,000 births) and Canada (11 deaths/100,000 births) saw increases between 1990 and 2013
May be due to risks from obesity, diabetes, and older women giving birth
Improved data collection could affect the numbers too
Lack of insurance and poverty in the US could contribute
On average 250 00 for giving birth without complications
We are doing better 1990= 400
Explain health risks faced by mothers
s its high bc of high blood pressure, bleeding out not proper health care resources
infant mortality rate (I M R)
is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births
Higher in poorer places and poorer parts of developed countries
Variation between urban and rural areas, minority and majority populations
IMR= deaths under age 1/ live births in year x 1000
reflects a countries health care system
What determines the percentage of people in different age group
demographic transition
A country in stage 2 of the demographic transition typically has a relatively high percentage of young people, whereas a country in stage 4 has a relatively high percentage of elderly people.
Describe the Canadian IMR?
BC and Pei are top ranked provinces between 2009-2011
MB SK NT all rank low
NU (18.5 deaths/1000 births) is 3x higher than the national average
canada overall 3 year average IMR: 4.9
US 3 year average: 6.2
What is cause of high IMR in Nunavut?
A leading cause of death in Nunavut is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Other causes are infection and conditions associated with low weight and preterm babies
Education can help
Proper sleep methods for babies and awareness about the dangers of smoking during pregnancy
Maternal smoking is more prevalent in Inuit women
Teen pregnancies is also higher in Nunavut
Infant Mortality Rates: Canadian Indigenous Population
1979 Indigenous IMR 27.6 deaths per 1,000 live births- more than twice of Canada
1991 Indigenous IMR 12.1
2006 Indigenous IMR was 9.6 (4.4 for Non-Indigenous)
Varies between groups (Statistics Canada, 2017)
2006 Metis: 10.5
2006 First Nations: 9.6
2006 Inuit: 12.3
Rates of death from SIDS were more than seven times higher in the First Nations and Inuit populations than in the non-Indigenous population
potential support
is the number of working-age people between the ages of 15 and 64 divided by the elderly people(65 and older)
Currently 9
In 2050, we may only have 4 people of working age available to support each elderly person!
As potential support ratio becomes lower it becomes financial burden on workers to support elderly ppl
Dependency Ratio
A measure of the Productive Capacity of a population, with respect to age structure
the number of dependents both youth and elderly/ the number of workers
Productive segment (PS): between 15(20) and 64 years (the workers)
Dependent segment (DS): under 15(20) or over 64 (the dependents)
DR = DS/ PS x 100
it measures the number of dependents that each 100 people in the productive sector must support
What does comparing physiological and arithmetic densities help geographers do?
Comparing physiological and arithmetic densities helps geographers understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people
Give an example of comparing 2 places arithmetic density
The Netherlands, for example, with the relatively high Arithmetic (505) and Physiological (924) Density ratios and low Agricultural Density (10) might suggest that they put heavy pressure on the land to produce food but use sophisticated technology that requires few farmers
What is the current doubling time?
World has been adding 1 billion ppl approx every 12 years
If RNI stays same doubling time will be in 62 years
Life expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social and economic and medical conditions
Discuss health care in less developed vs developed countries
annual per capita expenditure of health care exceeds $1,000 in more developed countries
only $100 in less developed nations
developed countries spend more and a higher percentage of their wealth
Discuss medical facilities in less developed vs developed countries
countries in europe have more than 50 hospital beds per 10 000 people africa 10, 10 000 people
population pyramid
is a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender
A country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition has a pyramid with a broader base than that of a country in stage 4
epidemiology
branch of medical science concerned with incidence and control of disease that are prevalent among populations at a particular time
pandemic
is disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
What are the stages of epidemiologic transition?
Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine (High CDR)
Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)
Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases- human created
Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR)
Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine (High CDR)
Infectious and parasitic diseases are the principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans
History’s most violent stage 1 epidemic was the Black Plague (bubonic plague), which was probably transmitted to humans by disease from migrating infected rats
Between 1347- 1350 abt 50 million Europeans died
Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)
Cholera, contracted primarily from exposure to contaminated water, has been a troubling pandemic during the early years of stage 2 of the demographic transition
Dr. John Snow, a noted anesthesiologist in London, mapped cases of cholera in London’s Soho District in 1854 and found a link to contaminated water
Another example is HIV and aids
Cholera persists still today in places still in stage 2 of the demographic transition, where many people lack access to clean drinking water
Cholera is also found in areas prone to flooding
Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases- human created
This is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
The two especially important chronic disorders in stage 3 are cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks, and various forms of cancer
Places in Africa might have lower risk of cancer so lower stage 3 but that doesn’t mean ppl don’t die they just die of epidemics
Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases
(Low but Increasing CDR)
Cardiovascular diseases and cancers linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances
Consumption of non-nutritious food and sedentary behavior have resulted in an increase in obesity in stage 4 countries
Life expectancy in USA decreased over the past few years due to obesity
Why is IMR high in Nunavut? what can be done to help reduce it?
cause of death in Nunavut is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Other causes are infection and conditions associated with low weight and preterm babies
Education can help
Proper sleep methods for babies and awareness about the dangers of smoking during pregnancy
Maternal smoking is more prevalent in Inuit women
Teen pregnancies is also higher in Nunavut
Describe what the population pyramid of a less developed country would look like?
Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops
Concave sides- looks like a evergreen tree
Youngest age groups have largest share of population
Very high dependency ratio because of the kids
Not a lot of elderly ppl
Describe what the population pyramid of a developed country would look like?
Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout
Grandparents are replaced by parent which are replaced by kids
Have beehive shape
Total fertility rate (TFR)
is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly between the ages of 15 and 49)- spatially and temporally variable, will change with economic and political policies
2.1- 2.3- higher than 2 bc it has to compensate for early death
Replacement level:
A rate of births per woman that would guarantee a stable population
Zero population growth (ZPG)
is a TFR in which the population neither grows nor declines (NRI = 0)
Globally fertility rates are declining
Every region in world has decreased fertility rates- even the ones with the highest
Europe has lowest
Reason is education of women
Reason for Possible Stage 5:
Evolution poverty and increased connections
List reasons for global fertility decline
1.Education of women in less developed countries
Leads to economic control for the women
They better understand their reproductive rights
Access to improved health care
improved contraceptives/increased knowledge and acceptance of contraceptives
Opposition occurs for political and religious reasons
Reduced infant and child mortality (less need to replace children who die
High rates of urbanization increase the cost-benefit ratio of children
Increased education of women has raised earning power and increased the “opportunity cost” of child bearing and child rearing
Improved technology leads to greater return on “investment” (incentive to educate children rather than to have large numbers of kids)
Explain population pyramids of countries in stage 3 and 4
Mexico= stage 3
Bottom is fairly straight, triangular shape, sides filling in a bit
Denmark and USA= 4
Straight sides- you don’t have high death rate or birth rate
Population is being replaces by itself
Lots of ppl are living into older years
Low birth rate and low death rate
Small RNI= 0.5%, 1 %
Denmark at bottom shows parents are having less kids- tapered ends
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Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops
Can visually right away convey the demographic identity of a country
Concave sides- looks like a evergreen tree
Youngest age groups have largest share of population
Very high dependency ratio because of the kids
Not a lot of elderly ppl
Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout
Grandparents are replaced by parent which are replaced by kids
Have beehive shape
Bulge around 40-50 year Olds- baby bummers
Explain stage 5 of the demographic transition
Possible stage 5 of the demographic transition is predicted by demographers for some developed countries.
Very low CBR, an increasing CDR(bc of aging population), and a negative RNI (NRI)
A stage 5 country would have relatively few young women aging into childbearing years
As member of this smaller pool of women choose to have fewer children, birth rate drops will be dramatic
Negative RNI= shrinking population
Very few children
On average 2 ppl will have one children
There can be economic problems later with this type of population
Japan Singapore Germany
Germany will have huge problematic reasons to support elderly
Explain the anti natalist policy in China
1950 – 1979 the government encouraged later marriage and fewer children
In 1979 the government began the One Child Policy(wasn’t just one policy but a series of policies, a couple would need to apply for and have a permit in order to have a child)
free contraceptives offered, abortions and sterilizations were common
Rewards- couples would receive financial subsides, longer maternity leave, better housing, more farming area in rural
Penalties, including fines, were levied for a 2nd or 3rd child
Pay back the benefits you received for first child, no longer receive free education health care 10% pay reduction
Infanticide (especially girls) was a means of keeping to the policy
In 1965, CBR was ~37 births/1,000 people
In 1986, CBR was 18 births/ 1,000
Technically policy worked
The policy was successful, and the population is 300 million less than it would have been
The policy has been changed to a 2 child policy
Economic growth= fewer children
Bad results- kinship categories disappeared for a country that has valued family, exceptions for family in rural area, social side effects, skewed sex ratio, economic consequences, not enough women to marry males
Explain Indias national family planning program
embarked on a national family planning program starting in 1952
1st country in world to have this
During the 1970s, India set up camps to perform sterilizations, but this resulted in widespread opposition
Particularly for men- given cash incentives
Wasn’t successful strategy
Still, the most dominant form of birth control continues to be sterilization of women
Now these programs highlight education
Sex education
Main type of contraception is still sterilization
Japan’s Future Population
If the demographic transition is to include a stage 5, Japan will be one of the world’s first countries to reach it
Japan faces a severe shortage of workers. Instead of increasing immigration, Japan is encouraging more Japanese people to work
Reason for Possible Stage 5: Evolution
Infectious disease microbes have continuously evolved and changed in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides
Malaria caused an estimated 620,000 deaths worldwide in 2012 largely due to the evolution of D D T-resistant mosquitoes
Malaria still continues to kill millions of ppl in sub Saharan Africa
Reason for Possible Stage 5: Poverty
Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas than other places because unsanitary conditions may persist, and most people can’t afford the drugs needed for treatment
Tuberculosis (TB) has been largely controlled in developed countries but remains a major cause of death in developing countries
TB is prevalent in poor areas bc antibiotics are expensive
Reason for Possible Stage 5: Increased Connections
Pandemics have spread in recent decades through the process of relocation diffusion
The most lethal pandemic in recent years has been AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
AIDS entered the United States primarily through the airports with the most international arrivals.
Increased connections and globalization have been a huge aspect of spreading pandemics
Describe health care in less developed and more developed countries
Developed countries use part of their wealth to protect people who, for various reasons, are unable to work
Annual per capita expenditure on health care exceeds $1,000 in developed countries, compared to less than $100 in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
Expenditure on health care exceeds 15 percent of all government spending in Europe and North America, compared to less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia developed countries spend more on health care, they spend a higher percentage of their wealth on health care
Describe Medical facilities in less developed and developed countries
The high expenditure on health care in developed countries is reflected in medical facilities
Most countries in Europe have more than 50 hospital beds per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 20 in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southwest Asia
Europe has more than 30 physicians per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 5 in sub-Saharan Africa
Overpopulation
is a condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Describe Malthus’s theory
was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies In An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, Malthus claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically
What do Neo- Malthusians believe?
argue that characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus’s thesis more frightening than when it was first proposed more than 200 years ago
In Malthus’s time, only a few relatively wealthy countries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition
Now, relatively poor countries are in stage 2
As a result, the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than even Malthus anticipated
World population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production. The world faces a frightening future in which billions of people are engaged in a desperate search for food, water, and energy
What do Malthus’s critics say?
Many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding
Critics also argue that population growth is not a problem
To the contrary, a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore production of more food
Marxist critics argue that poverty and hunger are a result of an unjust society and economic inequality, not population growth. The world possesses sufficient resources to eliminate hunger and poverty, if only these resources are shared equally
Is Malthus’s theory realtiy?
Malthus was fairly close to the mark on resources but much too pessimistic on population growth
Overall food production has increased during the last half-century somewhat more rapidly than Malthus predicted in countries such as China and India Better growing techniques, higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land have contributed to the expansion in the food supply
On the other hand, the food supply has barely kept up with population growth in Africa
