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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many portions can the world be divided into?

A

The world can be divided into seven portions, each containing approximately 1 billion people.

Great geographic variation

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2
Q

Population Cartogram

A

depicts the size of countries according to population rather than land area(physical size)

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3
Q

Explain reasons for the distribution of the world’s peoples?

A

People are not evenly spread throughout the world

They tend to inhabit places with low lying areas with temperate climate and soil suitable for agriculture

Areas that are desert, extremely cold tend to be sparsely populated

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4
Q

Population Clusters (where does population cluster)

A

Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants live in four regions—East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

1/4 live in east asia- china
600 million in southeast asia
1/4 in south asia

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5
Q

ecumene

A

The proportion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement

This is important because its tells how
much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on.

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6
Q

List the three types of density used in population geography

A

Arithmetic Density
Physiological Density
Agricultural Density

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7
Q

Population density

A

is the number of humans living within a area

Number of ppl divided by area of land

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8
Q

describe Arithmetic Density: give limitations and benefits

A

the total number of people divided by the total land area

Crude measure- simple measure

Limitations is it doesn’t distinguish between land in an area- some of which may be useful

Assumes ppl are Evenly spread throughout the land

It enables geographers to compare the number of people living on a given piece of land in different regions of the world

It answers the “where” question

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9
Q

Give examples of a countries arithmetic density?

A

Canada is the second largest country in world- small population huge land area - small arithmetic density

Japan has high arithmetic density bc they have large population living on small area

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10
Q

Physiological Density

A

the number of people supported by a unit area of arable(farm land) land

Population/ farm land

Takes into account how much of land can be used for agriculture and gives indication of pressure on resources

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11
Q

arable land

A

land good for agriculture

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12
Q

Why would Egypt have such a striking difference between physiological density and arithmetic density?

A

Only the Nile River Valley and delta have enough moisture for intensive agriculture and about 95 percent of Egyptians live in this region

Puts enormous pressure on this land

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13
Q

Agricultural Density

A

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Sophisticated technology can allow vast increases in crop yields with fewer people

Countries that are more developed are able to have more sophisticated technology that allows them to produce more crop with fewer ppl- lower agricultural density

Less developed countries will have higher agriculture density

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways to measure population change in a country or the world?

A

natural rate of increase (NRI)
crude death rate (CDR)
crude birth rate (CBR)

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15
Q

census

A

a complete enumeration of a population

United States conducts the census every 10 years

Canada conducts the census every 5 years (years ending in 1 and 6 years)

Last was in 2016 and 2021

Very expensive to run a census that’s why we don’t do it every year

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16
Q

Vital stats

A

info that is updated every time there’s birth death and that info is used to update info in census between those 5 years

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17
Q

natural rate of increase (NRI)

A

natural increase rate (NIR) or Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the percentage by which a population grows in a year
CBR-CDR = NIR
- Excludes migration

is tells us how much the population is increasing (or decreasing) each year

ranges from about 0 – 3.5% for most countries around the world

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18
Q

What is natural rate of increase (NRI) currently?

A

1.1

Means growing slowly

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19
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

Called crude bc the denominator is not limited to women or women bearing children it includes everyone (men elderly ppl)

This is bc its simple easy to gather data

The world map of CBRs mirrors the distribution of RNI

more developed countries have lower CBR and less developed

births in a year/ populations at mid year x 1,000

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20
Q

What is CBR currently

A

20

means 20 for every 1000 ppl alive

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21
Q

crude death rate (CDR)

A

is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people

The CDR does not follow the same regional pattern as the CBR

The average CDR difference between developing and developed countries is very small

A poor measure of mortality in some respects (not sensitive to age structure, gender, education etc)

CDR does not tell us quality of life in a country but gives indication that its because of a aging population

No country has higher than 20 per 1000

CDR= deaths in a year/ mid year population x 1,000

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22
Q

Why is the the average CDR difference between developing and developed countries small?

A

Less developed countries will have relatively low CDR and more developed countries will have high CDR

8 per 1000 in less developed countries, 10 per 1000 in more developed countries

If a country has more aged ppl the CDR will increase

In Canada it will increase bc baby boomers will begin to die

High CDR in less developed countries doesn’t mean aging population but bc of disease, poor resources

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23
Q

What is the world crude death rate?

A

9/1,000

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24
Q

Doubling time

A

is the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Affected by CBR and CDR
currently 62 years

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25
Q

i

A

The developed countries have accounted for a very small percentage of the RNI since 1980

Small families in more developed countries= low CBR

About 2/3 of all population growth since 1980 has been is Asia

The 18th century market the beginning of rapid population increase for the world

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26
Q

The Demographic Transition

A

a model describing population change over time

Birth rates

Death rates

Population change

4 stages (5?)

model captures the change in birth rates, death rates, and natural growth rates over the course of British industrialization (200 years ago)

Applies to group of countries rather than individual countries

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27
Q

Explain the stages of the Demographic Transition

A

Stage 1: Low Growth

  • Death rate fluctuates bc of disease poor sanitation
  • no country rn is in stage 1
  • Very high CBR and CDR low NIR

Stage 2: High Growth

  • Dramatic drop in stage 2 of CDR
  • Improvement in food distribution, sanitation and hygiene, medical advancements, political stability
  • Birth rate is high in stage 2
  • Takes individuals a little bit of time they don’t need to have lots of time
  • RNI- is high meaning population is booming
  • high CBR rapidly declining CDR very high NIR

Stage 3: Moderate Growth
- increase urbanization, women working, smaller families living in cities
- RNI declining means its less that stage 2
rapidly declining CBR. moderately declining CDR moderate NIR

Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary

  • on average birth rate is still higher than death rate
  • We don’t see much variation between death rate today
  • Birth rate usually
  • very Low CBR, low slightly increasing CDR
  • 0 or negative NIR
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28
Q

Examples of countries that are in each stage of the demographic transition

A
  1. Gambia, saudi arabia, pakistan, kenya. Guatemala
  2. Mexico, India, algeria, Indonesia
  3. Denmark, Canada, China, USA,Germany
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29
Q

How many babies go missing every year in China and india

A

Around 700,000 female babies are “missing” every year in China and India, as a result of gender-based sex selection

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30
Q

sex ratio

A

is the standard biological measure of male to female babies that are born

Average sex ratio at birth is 105 male babies for every 100 female babies

51% chance of having a boy and 49 % chance of a girl

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31
Q

Explain health risks faced by baby girls

A

The high sex ratios of China and India can be used to calculate the probable percent of “missing” baby girls

The United Nations concludes that the “root cause” of sex selection is gender inequality

Almost 120 million females have gone missing in Asia

Pregnancy was terminated, baby girl was killed

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32
Q

What are the sex ratios in India and china

A

India’s sex ratio is 111 boys / 100 girls, and as high as 123 boys in some states

Dowries in India- girls seen as burden

China’s sex ratio as 115 boys / 100 girls, and as high as 160 boys in rural areas for 2nd births

One child policy

Both countries have a strong cultural preference for male children

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33
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management

Women gets hit by car and isnt pregnant that would count in CDR but not in maternal mortality rate

generally more developed countries have lower maternal mortality rate

34
Q

Describe the MMR around the world

A

In 2015, the global maternal mortality rate was 216, with only 8 in Europe- 300, 000 women

Spatially variable according to where we live

The United States (14 death/100,000 births) and Canada (11 deaths/100,000 births) saw increases between 1990 and 2013

May be due to risks from obesity, diabetes, and older women giving birth

Improved data collection could affect the numbers too

Lack of insurance and poverty in the US could contribute

On average 250 00 for giving birth without complications

We are doing better 1990= 400

35
Q

Explain health risks faced by mothers

A

s its high bc of high blood pressure, bleeding out not proper health care resources

36
Q

infant mortality rate (I M R)

A

is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births

Higher in poorer places and poorer parts of developed countries

Variation between urban and rural areas, minority and majority populations

IMR= deaths under age 1/ live births in year x 1000

reflects a countries health care system

37
Q

What determines the percentage of people in different age group

A

demographic transition
A country in stage 2 of the demographic transition typically has a relatively high percentage of young people, whereas a country in stage 4 has a relatively high percentage of elderly people.

38
Q

Describe the Canadian IMR?

A

BC and Pei are top ranked provinces between 2009-2011

MB SK NT all rank low

NU (18.5 deaths/1000 births) is 3x higher than the national average

canada overall 3 year average IMR: 4.9

US 3 year average: 6.2

39
Q

What is cause of high IMR in Nunavut?

A

A leading cause of death in Nunavut is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Other causes are infection and conditions associated with low weight and preterm babies

Education can help

Proper sleep methods for babies and awareness about the dangers of smoking during pregnancy

Maternal smoking is more prevalent in Inuit women

Teen pregnancies is also higher in Nunavut

40
Q

Infant Mortality Rates: Canadian Indigenous Population

A

1979 Indigenous IMR 27.6 deaths per 1,000 live births- more than twice of Canada

1991 Indigenous IMR 12.1

2006 Indigenous IMR was 9.6 (4.4 for Non-Indigenous)

Varies between groups (Statistics Canada, 2017)

2006 Metis: 10.5

2006 First Nations: 9.6

2006 Inuit: 12.3

Rates of death from SIDS were more than seven times higher in the First Nations and Inuit populations than in the non-Indigenous population

41
Q

potential support

A

is the number of working-age people between the ages of 15 and 64 divided by the elderly people(65 and older)

Currently 9

In 2050, we may only have 4 people of working age available to support each elderly person!

As potential support ratio becomes lower it becomes financial burden on workers to support elderly ppl

42
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

A measure of the Productive Capacity of a population, with respect to age structure

the number of dependents both youth and elderly/ the number of workers

Productive segment (PS): between 15(20) and 64 years (the workers)

Dependent segment (DS): under 15(20) or over 64 (the dependents)

DR = DS/ PS x 100
it measures the number of dependents that each 100 people in the productive sector must support

43
Q

What does comparing physiological and arithmetic densities help geographers do?

A

Comparing physiological and arithmetic densities helps geographers understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people

44
Q

Give an example of comparing 2 places arithmetic density

A

The Netherlands, for example, with the relatively high Arithmetic (505) and Physiological (924) Density ratios and low Agricultural Density (10) might suggest that they put heavy pressure on the land to produce food but use sophisticated technology that requires few farmers

45
Q

What is the current doubling time?

A

World has been adding 1 billion ppl approx every 12 years

If RNI stays same doubling time will be in 62 years

46
Q

Life expectancy

A

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social and economic and medical conditions

47
Q

Discuss health care in less developed vs developed countries

A

annual per capita expenditure of health care exceeds $1,000 in more developed countries
only $100 in less developed nations
developed countries spend more and a higher percentage of their wealth

48
Q

Discuss medical facilities in less developed vs developed countries

A

countries in europe have more than 50 hospital beds per 10 000 people africa 10, 10 000 people

49
Q

population pyramid

A

is a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender

A country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition has a pyramid with a broader base than that of a country in stage 4

50
Q

epidemiology

A

branch of medical science concerned with incidence and control of disease that are prevalent among populations at a particular time

51
Q

pandemic

A

is disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

52
Q

What are the stages of epidemiologic transition?

A

Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine (High CDR)
Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)
Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases- human created
Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR)

53
Q

Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine (High CDR)

A

Infectious and parasitic diseases are the principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans

History’s most violent stage 1 epidemic was the Black Plague (bubonic plague), which was probably transmitted to humans by disease from migrating infected rats

Between 1347- 1350 abt 50 million Europeans died

54
Q

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)

A

Cholera, contracted primarily from exposure to contaminated water, has been a troubling pandemic during the early years of stage 2 of the demographic transition

Dr. John Snow, a noted anesthesiologist in London, mapped cases of cholera in London’s Soho District in 1854 and found a link to contaminated water

Another example is HIV and aids
Cholera persists still today in places still in stage 2 of the demographic transition, where many people lack access to clean drinking water

Cholera is also found in areas prone to flooding

55
Q

Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases- human created

A

This is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging

The two especially important chronic disorders in stage 3 are cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks, and various forms of cancer

Places in Africa might have lower risk of cancer so lower stage 3 but that doesn’t mean ppl don’t die they just die of epidemics

56
Q

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

A

(Low but Increasing CDR)

Cardiovascular diseases and cancers linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances

Consumption of non-nutritious food and sedentary behavior have resulted in an increase in obesity in stage 4 countries

Life expectancy in USA decreased over the past few years due to obesity

57
Q

Why is IMR high in Nunavut? what can be done to help reduce it?

A

cause of death in Nunavut is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Other causes are infection and conditions associated with low weight and preterm babies

Education can help

Proper sleep methods for babies and awareness about the dangers of smoking during pregnancy

Maternal smoking is more prevalent in Inuit women

Teen pregnancies is also higher in Nunavut

58
Q

Describe what the population pyramid of a less developed country would look like?

A

Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops
Concave sides- looks like a evergreen tree

Youngest age groups have largest share of population

Very high dependency ratio because of the kids

Not a lot of elderly ppl

59
Q

Describe what the population pyramid of a developed country would look like?

A

Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout
Grandparents are replaced by parent which are replaced by kids

Have beehive shape

60
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly between the ages of 15 and 49)- spatially and temporally variable, will change with economic and political policies

2.1- 2.3- higher than 2 bc it has to compensate for early death

61
Q

Replacement level:

A

A rate of births per woman that would guarantee a stable population

62
Q

Zero population growth (ZPG)

A

is a TFR in which the population neither grows nor declines (NRI = 0)

Globally fertility rates are declining

Every region in world has decreased fertility rates- even the ones with the highest

Europe has lowest

Reason is education of women

63
Q

Reason for Possible Stage 5:

A

Evolution poverty and increased connections

64
Q

List reasons for global fertility decline

A

1.Education of women in less developed countries

Leads to economic control for the women

They better understand their reproductive rights

Access to improved health care

improved contraceptives/increased knowledge and acceptance of contraceptives

Opposition occurs for political and religious reasons

Reduced infant and child mortality (less need to replace children who die

High rates of urbanization increase the cost-benefit ratio of children

Increased education of women has raised earning power and increased the “opportunity cost” of child bearing and child rearing

Improved technology leads to greater return on “investment” (incentive to educate children rather than to have large numbers of kids)

65
Q

Explain population pyramids of countries in stage 3 and 4

A

Mexico= stage 3

Bottom is fairly straight, triangular shape, sides filling in a bit

Denmark and USA= 4

Straight sides- you don’t have high death rate or birth rate

Population is being replaces by itself

Lots of ppl are living into older years

Low birth rate and low death rate

Small RNI= 0.5%, 1 %

Denmark at bottom shows parents are having less kids- tapered ends

66
Q

nn

A

Countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancies will have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops
Can visually right away convey the demographic identity of a country
Concave sides- looks like a evergreen tree
Youngest age groups have largest share of population
Very high dependency ratio because of the kids
Not a lot of elderly ppl

Countries with lower total fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids shaped more uniformly throughout
Grandparents are replaced by parent which are replaced by kids

Have beehive shape

Bulge around 40-50 year Olds- baby bummers

67
Q

Explain stage 5 of the demographic transition

A

Possible stage 5 of the demographic transition is predicted by demographers for some developed countries.

Very low CBR, an increasing CDR(bc of aging population), and a negative RNI (NRI)

A stage 5 country would have relatively few young women aging into childbearing years

As member of this smaller pool of women choose to have fewer children, birth rate drops will be dramatic

Negative RNI= shrinking population

Very few children

On average 2 ppl will have one children

There can be economic problems later with this type of population

Japan Singapore Germany

Germany will have huge problematic reasons to support elderly

68
Q

Explain the anti natalist policy in China

A

1950 – 1979 the government encouraged later marriage and fewer children

In 1979 the government began the One Child Policy(wasn’t just one policy but a series of policies, a couple would need to apply for and have a permit in order to have a child)

free contraceptives offered, abortions and sterilizations were common

Rewards- couples would receive financial subsides, longer maternity leave, better housing, more farming area in rural

Penalties, including fines, were levied for a 2nd or 3rd child

Pay back the benefits you received for first child, no longer receive free education health care 10% pay reduction

Infanticide (especially girls) was a means of keeping to the policy

In 1965, CBR was ~37 births/1,000 people

In 1986, CBR was 18 births/ 1,000

Technically policy worked

The policy was successful, and the population is 300 million less than it would have been

The policy has been changed to a 2 child policy

Economic growth= fewer children

Bad results- kinship categories disappeared for a country that has valued family, exceptions for family in rural area, social side effects, skewed sex ratio, economic consequences, not enough women to marry males

69
Q

Explain Indias national family planning program

A

embarked on a national family planning program starting in 1952

1st country in world to have this

During the 1970s, India set up camps to perform sterilizations, but this resulted in widespread opposition

Particularly for men- given cash incentives

Wasn’t successful strategy

Still, the most dominant form of birth control continues to be sterilization of women

Now these programs highlight education

Sex education

Main type of contraception is still sterilization

70
Q

Japan’s Future Population

A

If the demographic transition is to include a stage 5, Japan will be one of the world’s first countries to reach it

Japan faces a severe shortage of workers. Instead of increasing immigration, Japan is encouraging more Japanese people to work

71
Q

Reason for Possible Stage 5: Evolution

A

Infectious disease microbes have continuously evolved and changed in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides

Malaria caused an estimated 620,000 deaths worldwide in 2012 largely due to the evolution of D D T-resistant mosquitoes

Malaria still continues to kill millions of ppl in sub Saharan Africa

72
Q

Reason for Possible Stage 5: Poverty

A

Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas than other places because unsanitary conditions may persist, and most people can’t afford the drugs needed for treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) has been largely controlled in developed countries but remains a major cause of death in developing countries

TB is prevalent in poor areas bc antibiotics are expensive

73
Q

Reason for Possible Stage 5: Increased Connections

A

Pandemics have spread in recent decades through the process of relocation diffusion

The most lethal pandemic in recent years has been AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

AIDS entered the United States primarily through the airports with the most international arrivals.

Increased connections and globalization have been a huge aspect of spreading pandemics

74
Q

Describe health care in less developed and more developed countries

A

Developed countries use part of their wealth to protect people who, for various reasons, are unable to work
Annual per capita expenditure on health care exceeds $1,000 in developed countries, compared to less than $100 in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
Expenditure on health care exceeds 15 percent of all government spending in Europe and North America, compared to less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia developed countries spend more on health care, they spend a higher percentage of their wealth on health care

75
Q

Describe Medical facilities in less developed and developed countries

A

The high expenditure on health care in developed countries is reflected in medical facilities
Most countries in Europe have more than 50 hospital beds per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 20 in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southwest Asia
Europe has more than 30 physicians per 10,000 people, compared to fewer than 5 in sub-Saharan Africa

76
Q

Overpopulation

A

is a condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

77
Q

Describe Malthus’s theory

A

was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies In An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, Malthus claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically

78
Q

What do Neo- Malthusians believe?

A

argue that characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus’s thesis more frightening than when it was first proposed more than 200 years ago
In Malthus’s time, only a few relatively wealthy countries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition
Now, relatively poor countries are in stage 2
As a result, the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than even Malthus anticipated
World population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production. The world faces a frightening future in which billions of people are engaged in a desperate search for food, water, and energy

79
Q

What do Malthus’s critics say?

A

Many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding
Critics also argue that population growth is not a problem
To the contrary, a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore production of more food
Marxist critics argue that poverty and hunger are a result of an unjust society and economic inequality, not population growth. The world possesses sufficient resources to eliminate hunger and poverty, if only these resources are shared equally

80
Q

Is Malthus’s theory realtiy?

A

Malthus was fairly close to the mark on resources but much too pessimistic on population growth
Overall food production has increased during the last half-century somewhat more rapidly than Malthus predicted in countries such as China and India Better growing techniques, higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land have contributed to the expansion in the food supply
On the other hand, the food supply has barely kept up with population growth in Africa

Human Geography (9 decks)

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