Chapter 3 Flashcards
Spatial interaction
The movement of people, ideas, and goods within/between areas
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Neither resources or goods are uniformly distributed
Commodity flows are responses to these differences (supply/demand)
Globalization is greater interaction and interconnectedness between people and places in the world
Propels and is propelled by spatial interaction
Connections and relations that occur in different places and regions as a result of movement- movement of people goods immigration
Movement
represents the attempt to smooth out the spatially differing availability of resources commodities and opportunities
We have different things available in different places so movement will smooth out that and send things from places we have more to places we have less
In Canada we have a wealth of lumber and we sell it to places- that’s an example of movement
Anything we have a lot of that we are able to sell to other people or places is movement
Whatever the purpose of the movement there is inevitable some trade off- we are balancing the benefits of the interaction with the cost of overcoming that spatial interaction
What are the 3 operating principles that influence spatial interations?
- complementarity
- Transferability
- Intervening oppurtunity
1954 Edward
Complementarity
2 places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands
Supply and demand relationship between places
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area
Spatial interaction as a result of complementarity can involve long distances or short distances
Exists when you leave you house and travel to the grocery store
Italy is known for wine or pasta so it exports those things and import olives and fruit they don’t grow
Transferability
When complementarity exists, the exchange must have acceptable costs
The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
-Ability to move something at a reasonable cost
Affected by distance and advances in transportation
Expression of how mobile is this commodity and function of value of product( 20$ to ship a 1000 $ product is good but 20$ to ship a 20$ object is a problem)
Measure of distance measured in time and money
Function of both value and distance it has to go and cost
Small things that are expensive have a high transferability- Jewlery electronics (cheap to ship but have high value)
Low value bulky goods have low transferability- will buy them close to source (ex- couch, rocks hay)
Mobility isn’t just physical but is also economic
Spatial interaction will only occur when conditions of transferability are met
Mobility will also change over time according to what is being transferred and technology and cost change
Intervening opportunity
A nearer supply diminishes the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Potential trade ONLY develops in absence of closer (intervening) supply
Point to importance of accessibility
More accessible the place is the lower the travel time lower the cost
Ex- libraries public parks
Can affect the flow of people goods and services
Ex- people in Manitoba will tend to vacation in Cuba rather than Florida so the spatial interaction between Florida and Manitoba is affected
A different location can provide a desired good more economically (at a better price)- get the good from that place
This alters spatial interaction between places
-Ex- you usually shop at Sobeys which is in neighborhood but you notice you can get the product from Safeway for cheaper
Frictionless Zone
where most frequent interaction occurs
‘free movement ‘that is repeated frequently
distance is not a limiting factor
Depends on habits where you live where you go
Work shopping school tend to be within our activity space- frictionless zone
Different people have different frictionless zones
Student living on campus and only traveling around there will have small zone
Student living far having job far will have large
Critical distance
distance beyond which the intensity of contact declines
e.g. cost might increase; less ‘routine’ trips
Don’t do them all the time
Have to look in gps to get there, less common trips you don’t do as much
What was Tobblers first law?
1970 geographer named Tobbler
Tobler’s 1st law
Everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distance things
Highlights importance of distance decay and friction of distance with respect to spatial interaction
The Gravity Model
Interaction between places is a function of population size and distance between them
The gravity model assumes that spatial interaction is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them
Model that helps project distance between places as a function of population size and distance between the 2 places
This model was more significant before current technology was common (airplanes and the internet for example)
In reality, other factors, such as personal preference and other push/pull factors play a role in spatial interaction and migration
People assume that there is going to be more opportunity in bigger city than smaller town
There are many push and pull factors involved in migration
Migration
is a permanent move to a new location- changing activity space
immigration
The migration to a location is called
form of relocation and diffusion
Emigrant
of the old place you moved from
migration from a location
Net migration
is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants(leaving)
If positive- more people coming in than leaving
If negative- more people leaving than entering
Who identified the migration transition and what is it?
Geographer Wilbur Zelinski identified a migration transition comparable to the demographic transition.
Change in migration pattern that results from social and economic changes that have also affected the demographic transition
According to the demographic transition..
international migartion is a phenomenon of stage 2 and internal migration is more in stage 3 and 4
Stage 3- country has lots of people from other countries coming
Ravenstein’s laws
used to understand where and why migration occurs
- the distance that migrants typically move
- the reason migrants move
- the characteristics of migrants
Distance of Migration
Ravenstein’s laws
Most migrants relocate short distance and remain within the same country
Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity (move to large cities)
most migration…
Most migration proceeds step-by-step
Most migration is rural to urban- common in stage 2
Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves
Most international migrants are young males- may have been true in 1800s but not anymore
Last 2 laws introduces the personal attribute of migrants- age gender economic status
Migrants do not represent a cross section of the population they come from
Migrants are not evenly represented by everybody across a population
There is selectivity in movers and it is spatially and regionally variable
Mobility peaks in late 20s in north America and goes down from them, in other places its different in Africa the age group of 15-40 mobility peaked
Studies have shown women are increasing likely to participate in international migration and might do so as ferquently as men even more
international Migration
is movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).
Internal migration
is a permanent move within the same country, either through
interregional
to another region in the same country, moving from Ontario to BC)
Mexico has significant internal interregional over long distances
intraregional migration
within one region, moving from Winnipeg to town outside perimeter, urban to rural)
Describe Global Migration Patterns
Globally, about 3 percent of everyone are international migrants
The largest flows are from Asia to Europe and North America, and from Latin America to North America
migrants from countries with low incomes and high natural increase rates head for wealthy countries where they can find jobs
Interregional Migration in the United States
Open of the American west during the 17th–20th century shifted the center of population progressively West
now its mostly south
Interregional Migration
In China
Recent decades have been dominated by people migrating from rural interior areas to urban areas in the east
Interregional Migration in Canada
Two centuries of interregional migration from east to west
Since 2011, BC has had most of Canada’s in-migration
Alberta is attractive because of job opportunities
Movements tend to be selective based on where the migrant is in age ethnic background economic conditions and that can change the structure of composition of local population
Interregional migration in Brazil
most live in a string of large cities near the coast whereas the tropic have little people
to increase attractiveness to interior the government moved the capital city from Rio to Brasilia- has stimulated net migration to interior
Interregional migration in Russia
population is highly clustered in western or european portion
interregional was used during soviet union to have people occupy the Asian portion
now net in migration toward Europe- large cities jobs
What are 3 types of migration that takes place in a region:(intraregionl)
Migration from Rural to Urban Areas
Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas
Migration from Urban to Rural Areas
Which is more common Intraregional migration or international or interregional
Intraregional migration is much more common than interregional or international migration
Most intraregional migration is from rural to urban areas in developing countries
Most intraregional migration is from urban (cities) to suburbs in developed countries
Migration from Rural to Urban Areas
The industrial revolution involved rural to urban migration in Europe and North America
Less common now
In US the % of people living in urban areas increased from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920 and 81% lived in cities in 2016
Between 1950 and 2015, Latin America’s percent of urban dwellers doubled to 80 percent.
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa had similar trends
Seeking economic advancement
Trend in less developed countries is people are moving from rural areas to urban areas
Most people move from rural to urban for job
Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas
Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities to suburbs
The pull for this is the suburban lifestyle, not jobs
More than twice people have moved from cities to suburbs than from suburbs to cities
Suburbs- benefits such as private property bigger yard, less crime nice schools
Migration from Urban to Rural Areas
Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counter urbanization
This migration is prompted by lifestyle choices
Modern communications and transportation has promoted counter urbanization
Common in more developed countries
counter urbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas
what are Cultural, environmental, and economic reasons for migration?
Cultural migration can occur because of family status, schools, or political conflict
Environmental or political reasons are hindrances to migration and are called intervening obstacles
Today, the major obstacles are political where migrants need passports and visas
Traditionally the main issue faced by migrants was environmental issues- very long journey across land, as transportation improved this became less
intervening obstacles
Environmental or political reasons are hindrances to migration
Today, the major obstacles are political where migrants need passports and visas
Push factors
(conditions to help decide to leave a place)
Pull factors
(circumstances that attract a migrant to a place)
What are push and pull factors?
Economic Conditions
Political Circumstances/Armed Conflict and Civil War
Environmental Conditions
Quality of Life- hate 2 hr commute, don’t get lots of land with house you paid for
Likely more familiar with current location, so a migrant will be likely to perceive push factors more accurately than pull factors
Place utility
a measure of the extent to which a person is satisfied with a particular location
Desirability of place based in social economic or environmental conditions
Comparing value of living in different locations
May or may not represent accurate conditions
Explain cultural reasons for migration
Push & pull factors, place utility
Intervening obstacle
Trail of Tears
Forced migration
Refugee
a person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, and unwilling or unable to avail himself of the protection of his country
Doesn’t include environmental disasters
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In 1970 there were abt 3 million refugees- mostly Palestinian Arabs
1980 8 million refugees
2010- 15.2 million
Difficult to track them
Defined as a legal group in response to large number of people fleeing eastern Europe after world war 2
Main agency coordinating refugee protection in the UNHCR- united nations high commission for refugees
Most refugees come from Syria today due to civil war
By 2017 more than 5 million refugees had left for camps in neighboring countries
What are 3 characteristics of refugees?
Most refugees move with only the property they can move/carry
Most refugees make the first “step” on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat – limited resources
Refugees move without official documentation
internally displaced person (I D P)
has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international boarder
Displaced within their own countries
E.g. hurricane Katrina
Do not cross international boarders and tend to stay “uncounted”
In 2016, UNHCR estimated that 40 million people were IDPs (in addition to the 22.5 million refugees)
Refugees: Origins
Today, the total number of “persons of concern” is approximately 68 million people
includes asylum seekers, refugees, and internally displaced people
Where are refugees from?
Syria Afghanistan south sudan somalia sudan East and central Africa, west Asia and Columbia are source countries for refugees
Its been suggest most refugees are women and children but its not true
Globally 49% of refugees are females and 12% are under the age of 5
When a population is displaced on a mass its demographic structure remains balanced
When the situation is bad enough that people are leaving the country everybody goes- men elder
Where do refugees go?
The majority of refugees seek asylum in neighboring countries
Some countries are both a sources and place of asylum (a refugee that is granted by a country and they receive refugees)
Asylum seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Refugee problems are greatest in less developed countries
Syrian refugee crisis
There are ~6 million IDP Syrians and a further 6 million Syrian refugees living outside Syria
Many fled to neighbouring countries including Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq
~1 million moved to Europe, with Germany accepting the most
Canada has accepted approximately 40,000 refugees (as of 2020)
What are some solutions to refugee crisis?
Voluntary repatriation: a process by which the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands once violence and persecution subside
This is not always possible, as it can take a long time for circumstances to change
Resettlement in a neighbouring country
Problem: neighbouring countries often have similar issues and can not offer solutions or permanent resettlement (e.g. areas that are poor and lack affordable food or clean water, or and drought in parts of southern and eastern Africa)
1st step for many refugee issues is to work towards political stability and higher levels of socioeconomic devlopment
Explain environmental Reasons for Migrating
Improved communications and transportation allows people to live in environmentally attractive areas
Adverse physical conditions, such as too much or too little water can force people to migrate
A floodplain of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific period, based on historical trends
Manitoba is protected by a 1 in 700 year flood plain
Some places are very dry and have forced hundreds of thousands to migrate, for example, Sahel in North Africa
A floodplain
of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific period, based on historical trends
Red river floodway
Named after premier duff Roblin- duffs ditch
Project created after 1950 flood
100 000 ppl evacuated from Winnipeg
Not largest in Manitoba’s history
A giant ditch where water gets diverted from st norbert and discharges back in lockport
Very controversial at the time
1997- huge flood largest – city got saved due to floodway
18 towns are protected by ring dykes
In 2008 the association of macro engineering societies recognized the floodway as one of the worlds engineering marvels like the Eiffel tower the dam and panama canal
Economic Reasons for migration
In the 19th century, many Europeans had the perception that the United States and Canada offered prospects for economic advancement
Today this perception continues with people from Latin America and Asia
A given country can have dramatic shift from net immigration to net emigration over time, depending on economic conditions at home and abroad. Ireland is given as an example
Remittances
The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated is a remittance
In 2015, global remittances were $582 billion
The United States is the leading source of remittances ($134 billion) followed by Saudi Arabia ($46 billion)
2008 downturn in American economy generated reverse remittances (from Mexico to the US)
People in India received the most in 2015 69 billion followed by China 64 billion
Bank charge high fees for remittances-9%
$200- 6$ to send to Haiti
Supports economies of mant countries
Hattians spent over one billion, makes p large amount of the countries GDP
Mexican spent over 24 billion
Reverse remittance- money was transferred from Mexico to USA because they were illegal in the country and needed help
Trail of tears
cultural migration is sometimes involuntary
Indiegnous people were forced west in the nineteenth century the Indian Act of Removal of 1830 authorized the US army to remive 5 Indian tribes from their land in the southeastern United States and move them to Indian territory
many died along the way
What were Ravensteins laws about gender and age of migrants?
most long distance migrants are males
most long distance migrants are adults individuals rather than families
Gender of Migrants
In developing countries
the male immigrants still outnumber females
What are 2 factors that contribute to large share of females migrating to developed countries?
1) because most people migrate to developed countries for job oppurtunites the high % of women in the labor force in these countries logically attracts a high % of female immigrants
2) some developed countries have made it possible for wives to join husbands who have already immigrated
Government Immigration Policies
Most countries have adopted selective immigration policies, drivers for this can be:
Public opinion
Economic factors
Resources—ability to accommodate newcomers
International relations
How does the UN classify the immigration policies?
The U.N. classifies countries according to four types of immigration policies
Maintain the current level of immigration
Increase the level
Reduce the level
No policy
Most countries (116 countries) want to maintain the current level of immigration, the next biggest group are those that want fewer (32)
Chain migration
is the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Well-educated Asians have made especially good use of the priorities set by the U.S. immigration laws
Brain Drain
Migration of skilled professionals to other countries
Each year > 10% of the health care professionals leave some countries
Every year more than 10% of health care professional migrate from Africa to other places
This makes it much harder to fight HIV/AIDS and other diseases
Called a new form of colonialism where the developed countries are poaching and attracting the well educated professional out of the countries and makes its hard for the countries to continue to advance
quotas
max limit on the number of people who could immigrate to the USA during one year period
unauthorized immigration
a person who enters a country without proper documents
Guest Workers-
legal migrants to a country, someone who comes into a country who comes to work a job and the home country know where the are and the country knows they are here to do a specific job
Describe Europe Immigration Issues
Until recently, immigrants were regarded as useful additions to the labor force in Europe because many of these European countries were in Stage 4 or 5 of the demographic transition, glad to give low-status jobs to immigrants
In the 1960s and 1970s, Germany and other wealthy European countries operated guest worker programs, in which people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs
Many of these workers never returned to their country of origin, and with their descendants, became citizens of the host country
Jobs- essential services- driving busses washing dishes etc.
Although they got paid way less they would still make more than back home
Poorer countries would reduce their employment rates by letting these people work somewhere else but also help the native country by sending back remittances
Ravenstein noted distinctive gender and family-status patterns in his migration “laws”:
Most long-distance migrants are male. Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children
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Globally, males still outnumber females, but the percentage of migrants who are women has been increasing.
Describe the age of migrants around the world
A relatively high share of U.S. immigrants are young adults, as Ravenstein expected.
Immigrants are, as expected, less likely to be elderly people.
Children under age 20 comprise 21 percent of immigrants, only slightly lower than the 27 percent share in the total U.S. population
Describe the gender of migrants
Ravenstein theorized that males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries because searching for work was the main reason for international migration, and males were much more likely than females to be employed. This held true for U.S. immigrants during the nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries, when about 55 percent were male. But female immigrants to the United States began to outnumber male immigrants around 1970, and they now comprise 55 percent of the total. Female immigrants also outnumber males in other developed countries
unauthorized immigrants
Those who do so are entering without proper documents
principal reason is to look for a job
