Chapter 3 Flashcards

Question

Interregional Migration in the United States

Answer 1

Open of the American west during the 17th–20th century shifted the center of population progressively West now its mostly south

Answer 2

Recent decades have been dominated by people migrating from rural interior areas to urban areas in the east

Answer 3

Two centuries of interregional migration from east to west Since 2011, BC has had most of Canada’s in-migration Alberta is attractive because of job opportunities Movements tend to be selective based on where the migrant is in age ethnic background economic conditions and that can change the structure of composition of local population

Answer 4

most live in a string of large cities near the coast whereas the tropic have little people to increase attractiveness to interior the government moved the capital city from Rio to Brasilia- has stimulated net migration to interior

Answer 5

population is highly clustered in western or european portion interregional was used during soviet union to have people occupy the Asian portion now net in migration toward Europe- large cities jobs

Answer 6

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas Migration from Urban to Rural Areas

Answer 7

Intraregional migration is much more common than interregional or international migration Most intraregional migration is from rural to urban areas in developing countries Most intraregional migration is from urban (cities) to suburbs in developed countries

Answer 8

The industrial revolution involved rural to urban migration in Europe and North America Less common now In US the % of people living in urban areas increased from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920 and 81% lived in cities in 2016 Between 1950 and 2015, Latin America’s percent of urban dwellers doubled to 80 percent. Asia and sub-Saharan Africa had similar trends Seeking economic advancement Trend in less developed countries is people are moving from rural areas to urban areas Most people move from rural to urban for job

Answer 9

Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities to suburbs The pull for this is the suburban lifestyle, not jobs More than twice people have moved from cities to suburbs than from suburbs to cities Suburbs- benefits such as private property bigger yard, less crime nice schools

Answer 10

Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counter urbanization This migration is prompted by lifestyle choices Modern communications and transportation has promoted counter urbanization Common in more developed countries

Answer 11

Net migration from urban to rural areas

Answer 12

Cultural migration can occur because of family status, schools, or political conflict Environmental or political reasons are hindrances to migration and are called intervening obstacles Today, the major obstacles are political where migrants need passports and visas Traditionally the main issue faced by migrants was environmental issues- very long journey across land, as transportation improved this became less

Answer 13

Environmental or political reasons are hindrances to migration Today, the major obstacles are political where migrants need passports and visas

Answer 14

(conditions to help decide to leave a place)

Answer 15

(circumstances that attract a migrant to a place)

Answer 16

Economic Conditions Political Circumstances/Armed Conflict and Civil War Environmental Conditions Quality of Life- hate 2 hr commute, don’t get lots of land with house you paid for Likely more familiar with current location, so a migrant will be likely to perceive push factors more accurately than pull factors

Answer 17

a measure of the extent to which a person is satisfied with a particular location Desirability of place based in social economic or environmental conditions Comparing value of living in different locations May or may not represent accurate conditions

Answer 18

Push & pull factors, place utility Intervening obstacle Trail of Tears Forced migration

Answer 19

a person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, and unwilling or unable to avail himself of the protection of his country Doesn’t include environmental disasters

Answer 20

In 1970 there were abt 3 million refugees- mostly Palestinian Arabs 1980 8 million refugees 2010- 15.2 million Difficult to track them Defined as a legal group in response to large number of people fleeing eastern Europe after world war 2 Main agency coordinating refugee protection in the UNHCR- united nations high commission for refugees Most refugees come from Syria today due to civil war By 2017 more than 5 million refugees had left for camps in neighboring countries

Answer 21

Most refugees move with only the property they can move/carry Most refugees make the first “step” on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat – limited resources Refugees move without official documentation

Answer 22

has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international boarder Displaced within their own countries E.g. hurricane Katrina Do not cross international boarders and tend to stay “uncounted” In 2016, UNHCR estimated that 40 million people were IDPs (in addition to the 22.5 million refugees)

Answer 23

Today, the total number of “persons of concern” is approximately 68 million people includes asylum seekers, refugees, and internally displaced people

Answer 24

``` Syria Afghanistan south sudan somalia sudan East and central Africa, west Asia and Columbia are source countries for refugees ``` Its been suggest most refugees are women and children but its not true Globally 49% of refugees are females and 12% are under the age of 5 When a population is displaced on a mass its demographic structure remains balanced When the situation is bad enough that people are leaving the country everybody goes- men elder

Answer 25

The majority of refugees seek asylum in neighboring countries Some countries are both a sources and place of asylum (a refugee that is granted by a country and they receive refugees)

Answer 26

Someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee Refugee problems are greatest in less developed countries

Answer 27

There are ~6 million IDP Syrians and a further 6 million Syrian refugees living outside Syria Many fled to neighbouring countries including Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq ~1 million moved to Europe, with Germany accepting the most Canada has accepted approximately 40,000 refugees (as of 2020)

Answer 28

Voluntary repatriation: a process by which the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands once violence and persecution subside This is not always possible, as it can take a long time for circumstances to change Resettlement in a neighbouring country Problem: neighbouring countries often have similar issues and can not offer solutions or permanent resettlement (e.g. areas that are poor and lack affordable food or clean water, or and drought in parts of southern and eastern Africa) 1st step for many refugee issues is to work towards political stability and higher levels of socioeconomic devlopment

Answer 29

Improved communications and transportation allows people to live in environmentally attractive areas Adverse physical conditions, such as too much or too little water can force people to migrate A floodplain of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific period, based on historical trends Manitoba is protected by a 1 in 700 year flood plain Some places are very dry and have forced hundreds of thousands to migrate, for example, Sahel in North Africa

Answer 30

of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific period, based on historical trends

Answer 31

Named after premier duff Roblin- duffs ditch Project created after 1950 flood 100 000 ppl evacuated from Winnipeg Not largest in Manitoba's history A giant ditch where water gets diverted from st norbert and discharges back in lockport Very controversial at the time 1997- huge flood largest – city got saved due to floodway 18 towns are protected by ring dykes In 2008 the association of macro engineering societies recognized the floodway as one of the worlds engineering marvels like the Eiffel tower the dam and panama canal

Answer 32

In the 19th century, many Europeans had the perception that the United States and Canada offered prospects for economic advancement Today this perception continues with people from Latin America and Asia A given country can have dramatic shift from net immigration to net emigration over time, depending on economic conditions at home and abroad. Ireland is given as an example

Answer 33

The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated is a remittance In 2015, global remittances were $582 billion The United States is the leading source of remittances ($134 billion) followed by Saudi Arabia ($46 billion) 2008 downturn in American economy generated reverse remittances (from Mexico to the US) People in India received the most in 2015 69 billion followed by China 64 billion Bank charge high fees for remittances-9% $200- 6$ to send to Haiti Supports economies of mant countries Hattians spent over one billion, makes p large amount of the countries GDP Mexican spent over 24 billion Reverse remittance- money was transferred from Mexico to USA because they were illegal in the country and needed help

Answer 34

cultural migration is sometimes involuntary Indiegnous people were forced west in the nineteenth century the Indian Act of Removal of 1830 authorized the US army to remive 5 Indian tribes from their land in the southeastern United States and move them to Indian territory many died along the way

Answer 35

most long distance migrants are males | most long distance migrants are adults individuals rather than families

Answer 36

In developing countries | the male immigrants still outnumber females

Answer 37

1) because most people migrate to developed countries for job oppurtunites the high % of women in the labor force in these countries logically attracts a high % of female immigrants 2) some developed countries have made it possible for wives to join husbands who have already immigrated

Answer 38

Most countries have adopted selective immigration policies, drivers for this can be: Public opinion Economic factors Resources—ability to accommodate newcomers International relations

Answer 39

The U.N. classifies countries according to four types of immigration policies Maintain the current level of immigration Increase the level Reduce the level No policy Most countries (116 countries) want to maintain the current level of immigration, the next biggest group are those that want fewer (32)

Answer 40

is the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there Well-educated Asians have made especially good use of the priorities set by the U.S. immigration laws

Answer 41

Migration of skilled professionals to other countries Each year > 10% of the health care professionals leave some countries Every year more than 10% of health care professional migrate from Africa to other places This makes it much harder to fight HIV/AIDS and other diseases Called a new form of colonialism where the developed countries are poaching and attracting the well educated professional out of the countries and makes its hard for the countries to continue to advance

Answer 42

max limit on the number of people who could immigrate to the USA during one year period

Answer 43

a person who enters a country without proper documents

Answer 44

legal migrants to a country, someone who comes into a country who comes to work a job and the home country know where the are and the country knows they are here to do a specific job

Answer 45

Until recently, immigrants were regarded as useful additions to the labor force in Europe because many of these European countries were in Stage 4 or 5 of the demographic transition, glad to give low-status jobs to immigrants In the 1960s and 1970s, Germany and other wealthy European countries operated guest worker programs, in which people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs Many of these workers never returned to their country of origin, and with their descendants, became citizens of the host country Jobs- essential services- driving busses washing dishes etc. Although they got paid way less they would still make more than back home Poorer countries would reduce their employment rates by letting these people work somewhere else but also help the native country by sending back remittances

Answer 46

Most long-distance migrants are male. Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children

Answer 47

Globally, males still outnumber females, but the percentage of migrants who are women has been increasing.

Answer 48

A relatively high share of U.S. immigrants are young adults, as Ravenstein expected. Immigrants are, as expected, less likely to be elderly people. Children under age 20 comprise 21 percent of immigrants, only slightly lower than the 27 percent share in the total U.S. population

Answer 49

Ravenstein theorized that males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries because searching for work was the main reason for international migration, and males were much more likely than females to be employed. This held true for U.S. immigrants during the nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries, when about 55 percent were male. But female immigrants to the United States began to outnumber male immigrants around 1970, and they now comprise 55 percent of the total. Female immigrants also outnumber males in other developed countries

Answer 50

Those who do so are entering without proper documents | principal reason is to look for a job