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Human Geography > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Spatial interaction

A

The movement of people, ideas, and goods within/between areas

Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas

Neither resources or goods are uniformly distributed

Commodity flows are responses to these differences (supply/demand)

Globalization is greater interaction and interconnectedness between people and places in the world

Propels and is propelled by spatial interaction

Connections and relations that occur in different places and regions as a result of movement- movement of people goods immigration

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2
Q

Movement

A

represents the attempt to smooth out the spatially differing availability of resources commodities and opportunities

We have different things available in different places so movement will smooth out that and send things from places we have more to places we have less

In Canada we have a wealth of lumber and we sell it to places- that’s an example of movement

Anything we have a lot of that we are able to sell to other people or places is movement

Whatever the purpose of the movement there is inevitable some trade off- we are balancing the benefits of the interaction with the cost of overcoming that spatial interaction

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3
Q

What are the 3 operating principles that influence spatial interations?

A
  1. complementarity
  2. Transferability
  3. Intervening oppurtunity
    1954 Edward
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4
Q

Complementarity

A

2 places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands

Supply and demand relationship between places

One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area

Spatial interaction as a result of complementarity can involve long distances or short distances

Exists when you leave you house and travel to the grocery store

Italy is known for wine or pasta so it exports those things and import olives and fruit they don’t grow

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5
Q

Transferability

A

When complementarity exists, the exchange must have acceptable costs

The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
-Ability to move something at a reasonable cost

Affected by distance and advances in transportation

Expression of how mobile is this commodity and function of value of product( 20$ to ship a 1000 $ product is good but 20$ to ship a 20$ object is a problem)

Measure of distance measured in time and money

Function of both value and distance it has to go and cost

Small things that are expensive have a high transferability- Jewlery electronics (cheap to ship but have high value)

Low value bulky goods have low transferability- will buy them close to source (ex- couch, rocks hay)

Mobility isn’t just physical but is also economic

Spatial interaction will only occur when conditions of transferability are met

Mobility will also change over time according to what is being transferred and technology and cost change

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6
Q

Intervening opportunity

A

A nearer supply diminishes the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites

Potential trade ONLY develops in absence of closer (intervening) supply

Point to importance of accessibility

More accessible the place is the lower the travel time lower the cost

Ex- libraries public parks

Can affect the flow of people goods and services

Ex- people in Manitoba will tend to vacation in Cuba rather than Florida so the spatial interaction between Florida and Manitoba is affected

A different location can provide a desired good more economically (at a better price)- get the good from that place

This alters spatial interaction between places
-Ex- you usually shop at Sobeys which is in neighborhood but you notice you can get the product from Safeway for cheaper

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7
Q

Frictionless Zone

A

where most frequent interaction occurs

‘free movement ‘that is repeated frequently

distance is not a limiting factor

Depends on habits where you live where you go

Work shopping school tend to be within our activity space- frictionless zone

Different people have different frictionless zones

Student living on campus and only traveling around there will have small zone

Student living far having job far will have large

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8
Q

Critical distance

A

distance beyond which the intensity of contact declines

e.g. cost might increase; less ‘routine’ trips

Don’t do them all the time

Have to look in gps to get there, less common trips you don’t do as much

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9
Q

What was Tobblers first law?

A

1970 geographer named Tobbler

Tobler’s 1st law

Everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distance things

Highlights importance of distance decay and friction of distance with respect to spatial interaction

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10
Q

The Gravity Model

A

Interaction between places is a function of population size and distance between them

The gravity model assumes that spatial interaction is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them

Model that helps project distance between places as a function of population size and distance between the 2 places

This model was more significant before current technology was common (airplanes and the internet for example)

In reality, other factors, such as personal preference and other push/pull factors play a role in spatial interaction and migration

People assume that there is going to be more opportunity in bigger city than smaller town

There are many push and pull factors involved in migration

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11
Q

Migration

A

is a permanent move to a new location- changing activity space

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12
Q

immigration

A

The migration to a location is called

form of relocation and diffusion

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13
Q

Emigrant

A

of the old place you moved from

migration from a location

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14
Q

Net migration

A

is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants(leaving)

If positive- more people coming in than leaving

If negative- more people leaving than entering

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15
Q

Who identified the migration transition and what is it?

A

Geographer Wilbur Zelinski identified a migration transition comparable to the demographic transition.

Change in migration pattern that results from social and economic changes that have also affected the demographic transition

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16
Q

According to the demographic transition..

A

international migartion is a phenomenon of stage 2 and internal migration is more in stage 3 and 4
Stage 3- country has lots of people from other countries coming

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17
Q

Ravenstein’s laws

A

used to understand where and why migration occurs

  • the distance that migrants typically move
  • the reason migrants move
  • the characteristics of migrants
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18
Q

Distance of Migration

Ravenstein’s laws

A

Most migrants relocate short distance and remain within the same country

Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity (move to large cities)

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19
Q

most migration…

A

Most migration proceeds step-by-step

Most migration is rural to urban- common in stage 2

Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves

Most international migrants are young males- may have been true in 1800s but not anymore

Last 2 laws introduces the personal attribute of migrants- age gender economic status

Migrants do not represent a cross section of the population they come from

Migrants are not evenly represented by everybody across a population

There is selectivity in movers and it is spatially and regionally variable

Mobility peaks in late 20s in north America and goes down from them, in other places its different in Africa the age group of 15-40 mobility peaked

Studies have shown women are increasing likely to participate in international migration and might do so as ferquently as men even more

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20
Q

international Migration

A

is movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).

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21
Q

Internal migration

A

is a permanent move within the same country, either through

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22
Q

interregional

A

to another region in the same country, moving from Ontario to BC)
Mexico has significant internal interregional over long distances

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23
Q

intraregional migration

A

within one region, moving from Winnipeg to town outside perimeter, urban to rural)

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24
Q

Describe Global Migration Patterns

A

Globally, about 3 percent of everyone are international migrants

The largest flows are from Asia to Europe and North America, and from Latin America to North America
migrants from countries with low incomes and high natural increase rates head for wealthy countries where they can find jobs

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25
Q

Interregional Migration in the United States

A

Open of the American west during the 17th–20th century shifted the center of population progressively West
now its mostly south

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26
Q

Interregional Migration

In China

A

Recent decades have been dominated by people migrating from rural interior areas to urban areas in the east

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27
Q

Interregional Migration in Canada

A

Two centuries of interregional migration from east to west

Since 2011, BC has had most of Canada’s in-migration

Alberta is attractive because of job opportunities

Movements tend to be selective based on where the migrant is in age ethnic background economic conditions and that can change the structure of composition of local population

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28
Q

Interregional migration in Brazil

A

most live in a string of large cities near the coast whereas the tropic have little people
to increase attractiveness to interior the government moved the capital city from Rio to Brasilia- has stimulated net migration to interior

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29
Q

Interregional migration in Russia

A

population is highly clustered in western or european portion
interregional was used during soviet union to have people occupy the Asian portion
now net in migration toward Europe- large cities jobs

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30
Q

What are 3 types of migration that takes place in a region:(intraregionl)

A

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas

Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas

Migration from Urban to Rural Areas

31
Q

Which is more common Intraregional migration or international or interregional

A

Intraregional migration is much more common than interregional or international migration

Most intraregional migration is from rural to urban areas in developing countries

Most intraregional migration is from urban (cities) to suburbs in developed countries

32
Q

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas

A

The industrial revolution involved rural to urban migration in Europe and North America

Less common now

In US the % of people living in urban areas increased from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920 and 81% lived in cities in 2016

Between 1950 and 2015, Latin America’s percent of urban dwellers doubled to 80 percent.

Asia and sub-Saharan Africa had similar trends

Seeking economic advancement

Trend in less developed countries is people are moving from rural areas to urban areas

Most people move from rural to urban for job

33
Q

Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas

A

Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities to suburbs

The pull for this is the suburban lifestyle, not jobs

More than twice people have moved from cities to suburbs than from suburbs to cities

Suburbs- benefits such as private property bigger yard, less crime nice schools

34
Q

Migration from Urban to Rural Areas

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counter urbanization

This migration is prompted by lifestyle choices

Modern communications and transportation has promoted counter urbanization

Common in more developed countries

35
Q

counter urbanization

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas

36
Q

what are Cultural, environmental, and economic reasons for migration?

A

Cultural migration can occur because of family status, schools, or political conflict

Environmental or political reasons are hindrances to migration and are called intervening obstacles

Today, the major obstacles are political where migrants need passports and visas

Traditionally the main issue faced by migrants was environmental issues- very long journey across land, as transportation improved this became less

37
Q

intervening obstacles

A

Environmental or political reasons are hindrances to migration

Today, the major obstacles are political where migrants need passports and visas

38
Q

Push factors

A

(conditions to help decide to leave a place)

39
Q

Pull factors

A

(circumstances that attract a migrant to a place)

40
Q

What are push and pull factors?

A

Economic Conditions

Political Circumstances/Armed Conflict and Civil War

Environmental Conditions

Quality of Life- hate 2 hr commute, don’t get lots of land with house you paid for

Likely more familiar with current location, so a migrant will be likely to perceive push factors more accurately than pull factors

41
Q

Place utility

A

a measure of the extent to which a person is satisfied with a particular location

Desirability of place based in social economic or environmental conditions

Comparing value of living in different locations

May or may not represent accurate conditions

42
Q

Explain cultural reasons for migration

A

Push & pull factors, place utility
Intervening obstacle
Trail of Tears
Forced migration

43
Q

Refugee

A

a person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, and unwilling or unable to avail himself of the protection of his country

Doesn’t include environmental disasters

44
Q

i

A

In 1970 there were abt 3 million refugees- mostly Palestinian Arabs

1980 8 million refugees

2010- 15.2 million

Difficult to track them

Defined as a legal group in response to large number of people fleeing eastern Europe after world war 2

Main agency coordinating refugee protection in the UNHCR- united nations high commission for refugees

Most refugees come from Syria today due to civil war

By 2017 more than 5 million refugees had left for camps in neighboring countries

45
Q

What are 3 characteristics of refugees?

A

Most refugees move with only the property they can move/carry

Most refugees make the first “step” on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat – limited resources

Refugees move without official documentation

46
Q

internally displaced person (I D P)

A

has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international boarder

Displaced within their own countries

E.g. hurricane Katrina

Do not cross international boarders and tend to stay “uncounted”

In 2016, UNHCR estimated that 40 million people were IDPs (in addition to the 22.5 million refugees)

47
Q

Refugees: Origins

A

Today, the total number of “persons of concern” is approximately 68 million people

includes asylum seekers, refugees, and internally displaced people

48
Q

Where are refugees from?

A 
Syria 
Afghanistan 
south sudan 
somalia 
sudan
East and central Africa, west Asia and Columbia are source countries for refugees

Its been suggest most refugees are women and children but its not true

Globally 49% of refugees are females and 12% are under the age of 5

When a population is displaced on a mass its demographic structure remains balanced

When the situation is bad enough that people are leaving the country everybody goes- men elder

49
Q

Where do refugees go?

A

The majority of refugees seek asylum in neighboring countries

Some countries are both a sources and place of asylum (a refugee that is granted by a country and they receive refugees)

50
Q

Asylum seeker

A

Someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Refugee problems are greatest in less developed countries

51
Q

Syrian refugee crisis

A

There are ~6 million IDP Syrians and a further 6 million Syrian refugees living outside Syria

Many fled to neighbouring countries including Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq

~1 million moved to Europe, with Germany accepting the most

Canada has accepted approximately 40,000 refugees (as of 2020)

52
Q

What are some solutions to refugee crisis?

A

Voluntary repatriation: a process by which the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands once violence and persecution subside

This is not always possible, as it can take a long time for circumstances to change

Resettlement in a neighbouring country

Problem: neighbouring countries often have similar issues and can not offer solutions or permanent resettlement (e.g. areas that are poor and lack affordable food or clean water, or and drought in parts of southern and eastern Africa)

1st step for many refugee issues is to work towards political stability and higher levels of socioeconomic devlopment

53
Q

Explain environmental Reasons for Migrating

A

Improved communications and transportation allows people to live in environmentally attractive areas

Adverse physical conditions, such as too much or too little water can force people to migrate

A floodplain of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific period, based on historical trends

Manitoba is protected by a 1 in 700 year flood plain

Some places are very dry and have forced hundreds of thousands to migrate, for example, Sahel in North Africa

54
Q

A floodplain

A

of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific period, based on historical trends

55
Q

Red river floodway

A

Named after premier duff Roblin- duffs ditch

Project created after 1950 flood

100 000 ppl evacuated from Winnipeg

Not largest in Manitoba’s history

A giant ditch where water gets diverted from st norbert and discharges back in lockport

Very controversial at the time

1997- huge flood largest – city got saved due to floodway

18 towns are protected by ring dykes

In 2008 the association of macro engineering societies recognized the floodway as one of the worlds engineering marvels like the Eiffel tower the dam and panama canal

56
Q

Economic Reasons for migration

A

In the 19th century, many Europeans had the perception that the United States and Canada offered prospects for economic advancement

Today this perception continues with people from Latin America and Asia

A given country can have dramatic shift from net immigration to net emigration over time, depending on economic conditions at home and abroad. Ireland is given as an example

57
Q

Remittances

A

The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated is a remittance

In 2015, global remittances were $582 billion

The United States is the leading source of remittances ($134 billion) followed by Saudi Arabia ($46 billion)

2008 downturn in American economy generated reverse remittances (from Mexico to the US)

People in India received the most in 2015 69 billion followed by China 64 billion

Bank charge high fees for remittances-9%

$200- 6$ to send to Haiti

Supports economies of mant countries

Hattians spent over one billion, makes p large amount of the countries GDP

Mexican spent over 24 billion

Reverse remittance- money was transferred from Mexico to USA because they were illegal in the country and needed help

58
Q

Trail of tears

A

cultural migration is sometimes involuntary
Indiegnous people were forced west in the nineteenth century the Indian Act of Removal of 1830 authorized the US army to remive 5 Indian tribes from their land in the southeastern United States and move them to Indian territory
many died along the way

59
Q

What were Ravensteins laws about gender and age of migrants?

A

most long distance migrants are males

most long distance migrants are adults individuals rather than families

60
Q

Gender of Migrants

A

In developing countries

the male immigrants still outnumber females

61
Q

What are 2 factors that contribute to large share of females migrating to developed countries?

A

1) because most people migrate to developed countries for job oppurtunites the high % of women in the labor force in these countries logically attracts a high % of female immigrants
2) some developed countries have made it possible for wives to join husbands who have already immigrated

62
Q

Government Immigration Policies

A

Most countries have adopted selective immigration policies, drivers for this can be:

Public opinion

Economic factors

Resources—ability to accommodate newcomers

International relations

63
Q

How does the UN classify the immigration policies?

A

The U.N. classifies countries according to four types of immigration policies

Maintain the current level of immigration

Increase the level

Reduce the level

No policy

Most countries (116 countries) want to maintain the current level of immigration, the next biggest group are those that want fewer (32)

64
Q

Chain migration

A

is the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Well-educated Asians have made especially good use of the priorities set by the U.S. immigration laws

65
Q

Brain Drain

A

Migration of skilled professionals to other countries

Each year > 10% of the health care professionals leave some countries

Every year more than 10% of health care professional migrate from Africa to other places

This makes it much harder to fight HIV/AIDS and other diseases

Called a new form of colonialism where the developed countries are poaching and attracting the well educated professional out of the countries and makes its hard for the countries to continue to advance

66
Q

quotas

A

max limit on the number of people who could immigrate to the USA during one year period

67
Q

unauthorized immigration

A

a person who enters a country without proper documents

68
Q

Guest Workers-

A

legal migrants to a country, someone who comes into a country who comes to work a job and the home country know where the are and the country knows they are here to do a specific job

69
Q

Describe Europe Immigration Issues

A

Until recently, immigrants were regarded as useful additions to the labor force in Europe because many of these European countries were in Stage 4 or 5 of the demographic transition, glad to give low-status jobs to immigrants

In the 1960s and 1970s, Germany and other wealthy European countries operated guest worker programs, in which people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs

Many of these workers never returned to their country of origin, and with their descendants, became citizens of the host country

Jobs- essential services- driving busses washing dishes etc.

Although they got paid way less they would still make more than back home

Poorer countries would reduce their employment rates by letting these people work somewhere else but also help the native country by sending back remittances

70
Q

Ravenstein noted distinctive gender and family-status patterns in his migration “laws”:

A

Most long-distance migrants are male. Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children

71
Q

i

A

Globally, males still outnumber females, but the percentage of migrants who are women has been increasing.

72
Q

Describe the age of migrants around the world

A

A relatively high share of U.S. immigrants are young adults, as Ravenstein expected.
Immigrants are, as expected, less likely to be elderly people.
Children under age 20 comprise 21 percent of immigrants, only slightly lower than the 27 percent share in the total U.S. population

73
Q

Describe the gender of migrants

A

Ravenstein theorized that males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries because searching for work was the main reason for international migration, and males were much more likely than females to be employed. This held true for U.S. immigrants during the nineteenth and much of the twentieth centuries, when about 55 percent were male. But female immigrants to the United States began to outnumber male immigrants around 1970, and they now comprise 55 percent of the total. Female immigrants also outnumber males in other developed countries

74
Q

unauthorized immigrants

A

Those who do so are entering without proper documents

principal reason is to look for a job

Human Geography (9 decks)

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