chapter 7

Question 1

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 1

Consumes organic molecules and 0_2 and yields ATP.

Question 2

Fermentation

Answer 2

A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without 0_2.

Question 3

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 3

Similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than 0_2.

Question 4

Cellular Respiration

Answer 4

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but often refers to aerobic respiration. Produces about 32 ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 5

NADH

Answer 5

The reduced form of NAD+. Represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP.

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

Electrons are passed to increasingly electronegative carrier molecules down the chain. The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP.

Question 7

Glycolysis

Answer 7

Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and two NADH molecules in the cytosol.

Question 8

Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Answer 8

Completes the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.

Question 9

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 9

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration.

Question 10

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Answer 10

Produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. An enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule to ADP.

Question 11

ATP Synthase

Answer 11

Protein complexes which allow hydrogen ions to cross the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Uses the flow of hydrogen ions to drive phosphorylation of ATP.

Question 12

Chemiosmosis

Answer 12

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work.

Question 13

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 13

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol (ethyl alcohol). First, CO2 is released from pyruvate, forming acetaldehyde. Then acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. NADH is oxidized regenerating NAD+.

Question 14

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 14

Pyruvate is converted directly to lactate without producing CO2. NADH is oxidized regenerating NAD+. Used by muscle cells to generate ATP when 02 is scarce. Fermentation produces about 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 15

Intermembrane Compartment

Answer 15

The region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast.

Question 16

Electron Carrier Molecules

Answer 16

Small organic molecules that are used to transport electrons during metabolic reactions.

Question 17

FADH2

Answer 17

The fully oxidized form, FAD, is converted to the reduced form, FADH2 by receiving two electrons and two protons.