Chapter 11 Flashcards
True-breeding
Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when self-pollinated.
P Generation
True-breeding parents.
F1 Generation
The hybrid offspring of the p generation.
F2 Generation
Produced when F1 individuals self pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids.
Alleles
Alternative versions of a gene.
Dominant Allele
Determines the organism’s characters.
Recessive Allele
No noticeable affect on an organisms characters.
Law of Segregation
The two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
Punnett Square
Shows the possible combinations of sperm and egg cells. Predicts the result of a genetic cross between individuals of known genetic makeup.
Homozygous
An organism with two identical alleles for a gene.
Heterozygous
An organism with two different alleles for a gene.
Phenotype/Genotype
Physical appearance, genetic makeup.
Test Cross
Breeding an individual with a recessive homozygote. Reveals the genotype of that individual.
Monohybrid
Individual that is heterozygous for one character.
Dihybrid
Produced by crossing two true breeding parents differing in two characters.
Law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair during gamete formation.
Complete/Incomplete Dominance
Phenotype of F1 hybrid is either indistinguishable from the dominant parent allele or in-between the parents.
Codominance
Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
Pleiotropy
The property of genes having multiple phenotypic effects. Most genes are pleiotropic.
Polygenic
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype.
Pedigree
A family tree that contains a family’s history for a particular trait.
