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BIO 101 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic Compound

A

A compound containing carbon

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2
Q

Critically important molecules of all living things fall into which four main classes?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins can form huge molecules called ______?

A

Macromolecules

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4
Q

Carbon has how many valence electrons?

A

4

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5
Q

A carbon atom that has 4 single bonds to other atoms

A

Methane

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6
Q

A molecule that has two groups of single bonded carbon atoms

A

Ethane

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7
Q

A molecule with two double bonded carbon atoms with two other single bonds each

A

Ethene (ethylene)

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8
Q

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

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9
Q

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

A

Isomers

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10
Q

Isomers that vary in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

A

Structural Isomers

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11
Q

Carbons with covalent bonds to the same atoms which differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds

A

cis-trans Isomers

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12
Q

Isomers that are mirror images of one another

A

Enantiomers

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13
Q

Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

A

Functional Groups

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14
Q

What are the seven functional groups most important in the chemistry of life?

A

Hydroxyl Group, Carbonyl Group, Carboxyl Group, Amino Group, Sulfhydryl Group, Phosphate Group, Methyl Group

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15
Q

An organic phosphate molecule which has an important function in the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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16
Q

Structure and function of ATP

A

Consists of a molecule of adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups. Stores the potential to react to water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell.

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17
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.

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18
Q

Monomers

A

The small building block molecules of polymers.

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19
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are disassembled in a process that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction.

21
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions.

22
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and the polymers of sugars.

23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The simplest carbohydrates, simple sugars. Have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH20. Serve as major nutrients for the cells and as raw material for building molecules.

24
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate macromolecules, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks.

25
Q

Disccharide

A

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

26
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

The covalent bond of disaccharides.

27
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.

28
Q

Glycogen

A

The storage polysaccharide in animals.

29
Q

Cellulose

A

The polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants.

30
Q

Chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. Also provides the structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.

31
Q

Lipids

A

Do not form true polymers. Hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which form nonpolar covalent bonds. Include fats, phospholipids and steroids.

32
Q

Fats

A

Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids.

33
Q

Fatty acid

A

A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.

34
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds.

35
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Have one or more double bonds.

36
Q

Trans Fats

A

Produced when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

37
Q

Phospholipids

A

When two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol. Two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group is not. Major constituents of cell membranes.

38
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

39
Q

Cholesterol

A

An important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes.

40
Q

Protein Functions

A

defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support

41
Q

Polypeptides

A

Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids.

42
Q

Protein

A

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

43
Q

Amino Acid

A

An organic molecule with both an amino and carboxyl group.

44
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Formed when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other and become joined through a dehydration reaction.

45
Q

Primary Structure of protein

A

Its unique sequence of amino acids.

46
Q

Secondary Structure of protein

A

Consists of the coils and folds in the polypeptide chain.

47
Q

Tertiary Structure of protein

A

The overall shape of the polypeptide.

48
Q

Quaternary Structure of protein

A

Results from the interactions between multiple polypeptide chains.

49
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of a protein’s native structure. A denatured protein is biologically inactive.

BIO 101 (20 decks)

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