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after midterm nutrition > chapter 7-1 > Flashcards

chapter 7-1 Flashcards

1
Q

vitamins are

A

essential
noncaloric
tasteless
organic
needed in tiny amts

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2
Q

the role of vitamins is to help

A

to drive cellular processes

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3
Q

vitamin precursors

A

compounds which can be converted into vitamins if the body needs them

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4
Q

precursors are NOT converted

A

in vitamins if there are adequate amounts of their specific vitamin present

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5
Q

two classes of vitamins

A

fat-soluble
water-soluble

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6
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A,D,E,K

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7
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

B1-3
folate
b12
b6
vitamin c

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8
Q

absorption of fat soluble vitamins

A

absorbed first into the lymph, then into the blood

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9
Q

absorption of water-soluble vitamins

A

absorbed directly into the blood

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10
Q

transport and storage of fat vitamins

A

must travel with protein carriers in water body fluids
stored in the liver or fatty tissues

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11
Q

transport and storage of water vitamins

A

travel freely in watery fluids
most are not stored in the body

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12
Q

excretion of fat vitamins

A

not readily excreted
tend to build up in the tissues

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13
Q

excretion of water vitamins

A

readily excreted in urine

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14
Q

toxicity of fat vitamins

A

likely from supplements but occur rarely from food

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15
Q

toxicity of water vitamins

A

unlikely but possible with high doses from supplements

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16
Q

requirements for fat vitamins

A

needed in periodic doses because the body can draw on its stores

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17
Q

requirements for water vitamins

A

needed in frequent doses because the body does not store most of them to any extent

18
Q

bioavailability is the degree to which a nutrient

A

is absorbed from foods and fluids and used in the body

19
Q

whole, basic food products contain the most

A

of their original content

20
Q

most synthesized vitamins are

A

bioavailable and readily absorbed and used by our body.

21
Q

because of vitamin b12’s absorption issues

A

it may be required to be an injection

22
Q

megadose is

A

greater than 3-10x DRIs as a starting point

23
Q

vitamins have proved useful in medically treating certain non-vitamins deficiency conditions such as

A

cardiovascular disease
alcoholism
cancer

24
Q

vitamins c and e function as

A

antioxidants that can neutralize free radicals preventing possible damage

25
Q

free radicals are unstable

A

oxygen-containing molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possible contribute to increased risk of chronic diseases

26
Q

oxidative stress is when the numbers of free radicals are

A

produced in larger amounts than the body’s antioxidants can neutralize

27
Q

items which are fats or oils dissolve in

A

lipids

28
Q

foods and beverage sources which contain some type of fat or oil in their ingredients dissolve in

A

lipids

29
Q

all-fat soluble vitamins except vitamin E are

A

very stable and are frequently retained after normal food handling

30
Q

vitamin E is destroyed by

A

high heat temperatures

31
Q

fat soluble vitamins require

A

bile for absorption by small intestine

32
Q

fat soluble vitamins are initially transferred inside

A

chylomicrons to lymph vessels and are eventually carried by lymph fluids to blood

33
Q

excess fat soluble vitamins are typically stored within

A

the body in cells associated with fat

34
Q

vitamins A,D, and E must be

A

metabolized before they are removed from the body

35
Q

excess vitamin K can be

A

filtered out by the kidneys and are excreted from the body in urine

36
Q

fat soluble vitamins may be

A

toxic when consumed in excess

37
Q

deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins can occur if

A

diet is too low in total fat grams
food selections are of poor quality
fat blockers are used
fat maldigestion or malabsorption is happening

38
Q

vitamin A’s precursor

A

beta-carotene and several other carotenoids

39
Q

vitamin A’s active form

A

retinol (animal sources)

40
Q

vitamin A needs adequate intake to

A

support variety of functions

41
Q

vitamin A deficiency causes

A

night blindness
keratinization
xerophthalmia
impaired immunity
reproductive and growth abnormalities
exhaustion
death

42
Q

toxic amounts of vitamin A causes

A

skin rashes
hair loss
hemorrhages
bone abnormalities
birth defects
fractures
liver failure
death

after midterm nutrition (12 decks)

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