chapter 7-1

Question 1

vitamins are

Answer 1

essential
noncaloric
tasteless
organic
needed in tiny amts

Question 2

the role of vitamins is to help

Answer 2

to drive cellular processes

Question 3

vitamin precursors

Answer 3

compounds which can be converted into vitamins if the body needs them

Question 4

precursors are NOT converted

Answer 4

in vitamins if there are adequate amounts of their specific vitamin present

Question 5

two classes of vitamins

Answer 5

fat-soluble
water-soluble

Question 6

fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 6

vitamin A,D,E,K

Question 7

water-soluble vitamins

Answer 7

B1-3
folate
b12
b6
vitamin c

Question 8

absorption of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 8

absorbed first into the lymph, then into the blood

Question 9

absorption of water-soluble vitamins

Answer 9

absorbed directly into the blood

Question 10

transport and storage of fat vitamins

Answer 10

must travel with protein carriers in water body fluids
stored in the liver or fatty tissues

Question 11

transport and storage of water vitamins

Answer 11

travel freely in watery fluids
most are not stored in the body

Question 12

excretion of fat vitamins

Answer 12

not readily excreted
tend to build up in the tissues

Question 13

excretion of water vitamins

Answer 13

readily excreted in urine

Question 14

toxicity of fat vitamins

Answer 14

likely from supplements but occur rarely from food

Question 15

toxicity of water vitamins

Answer 15

unlikely but possible with high doses from supplements

Question 16

requirements for fat vitamins

Answer 16

needed in periodic doses because the body can draw on its stores

Question 17

requirements for water vitamins

Answer 17

needed in frequent doses because the body does not store most of them to any extent

Question 18

bioavailability is the degree to which a nutrient

Answer 18

is absorbed from foods and fluids and used in the body

Question 19

whole, basic food products contain the most

Answer 19

of their original content

Question 20

most synthesized vitamins are

Answer 20

bioavailable and readily absorbed and used by our body.

Question 21

because of vitamin b12’s absorption issues

Answer 21

it may be required to be an injection

Question 22

megadose is

Answer 22

greater than 3-10x DRIs as a starting point

Question 23

vitamins have proved useful in medically treating certain non-vitamins deficiency conditions such as

Answer 23

cardiovascular disease
alcoholism
cancer

Question 24

vitamins c and e function as

Answer 24

antioxidants that can neutralize free radicals preventing possible damage

Question 25

free radicals are unstable

Answer 25

oxygen-containing molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possible contribute to increased risk of chronic diseases

Question 26

oxidative stress is when the numbers of free radicals are

Answer 26

produced in larger amounts than the body's antioxidants can neutralize

Question 27

items which are fats or oils dissolve in

Answer 27

lipids

Question 28

foods and beverage sources which contain some type of fat or oil in their ingredients dissolve in

Answer 28

lipids

Question 29

all-fat soluble vitamins except vitamin E are

Answer 29

very stable and are frequently retained after normal food handling

Question 30

vitamin E is destroyed by

Answer 30

high heat temperatures

Question 31

fat soluble vitamins require

Answer 31

bile for absorption by small intestine

Question 32

fat soluble vitamins are initially transferred inside

Answer 32

chylomicrons to lymph vessels and are eventually carried by lymph fluids to blood

Question 33

excess fat soluble vitamins are typically stored within

Answer 33

the body in cells associated with fat

Question 34

vitamins A,D, and E must be

Answer 34

metabolized before they are removed from the body

Question 35

excess vitamin K can be

Answer 35

filtered out by the kidneys and are excreted from the body in urine

Question 36

fat soluble vitamins may be

Answer 36

toxic when consumed in excess

Question 37

deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins can occur if

Answer 37

diet is too low in total fat grams food selections are of poor quality fat blockers are used fat maldigestion or malabsorption is happening

Question 38

vitamin A's precursor

Answer 38

beta-carotene and several other carotenoids

Question 39

vitamin A's active form

Answer 39

retinol (animal sources)

Question 40

vitamin A needs adequate intake to

Answer 40

support variety of functions

Question 41

vitamin A deficiency causes

Answer 41

night blindness keratinization xerophthalmia impaired immunity reproductive and growth abnormalities exhaustion death

Question 42

toxic amounts of vitamin A causes

Answer 42

skin rashes hair loss hemorrhages bone abnormalities birth defects fractures liver failure death