chapter 6 -1

Question 1

significant structural and functional materials in every cell

Answer 1

protein

Question 2

protein contains

Answer 2

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

Question 3

each amino acid contains

Answer 3

one acid group (COOH)
one central carbon atom holding the structure together
one amine group (NH2)
one side chain

Question 4

individual proteins may contain anywhere from

Answer 4

less than 50 to more than 1000 amino acids

Question 5

nine essential amino acids cannot

Answer 5

be made by the body at all or cannot be made quickly enough to meet the body’s needs

Question 6

eleven nonessential amino acids

Answer 6

can normally be synthesized in the body from other amino acids or by adding nitrogen to carbon-containing structures

Question 6

conditionally essential amino acids

Answer 6

under conditions such as genetic “oops”(recessive genes causing metabolic disorders)
growth and development
acute illness
chronic disease
recovering from injury

Question 7

essential amino acids

Answer 7

histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine

Question 8

nonessential amino acids

Answer 8

alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartic acid
cysteine
glutamic acid
glutamine
glycine
proline
serine
tyrosine

Question 9

temporary condition

Answer 9

premature infants
need the 9 essential amino acids plus cysteine and proline

Question 10

permanent condition

Answer 10

people with renal kidney failure
need the 9 essential amino acids plus cysteine and tyrosine

Question 11

cells recycle amino acids by

Answer 11

taking proteins apart which releases amino acids

Question 12

releasing amino acids can be used by the cell:

Answer 12

to build new working proteins like enzymes or structure proteins
to build nitrogen- containing compounds
to be used for energy

Question 13

peptide bonds link

Answer 13

amino acids

Question 14

peptide bonds form between

Answer 14

amino acids to create proteins

Question 15

the peptide bond forms between the

Answer 15

amine group of one amino acid and the acid group of another amino acid

Question 16

a polypeptide is

Answer 16

10 or more amino acids linked together with peptide bonds

Question 17

strands of amino acids do not remain

Answer 17

straight but coil and fold because of the side chain electrical charges

Question 18

activation often occurs with the addition of a

Answer 18

mineral, vitamin, or carb molecule

Question 19

protein strands may work

Answer 19

alone or in association with other proteins

Question 20

an adequate intake of nutrients supplying all of the essential amino acids make it possible for

Answer 20

a gene to produce a protein (gene expression) when the cell needs it

Question 21

sickle cell disease

Answer 21

production of red blood cells which cannot carry and release oxygen normally

Question 22

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 22

unable to produce the enzymes needed to change phenylalanine to tyrosine