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Biology Ap > Chapter 6 Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Zacharias Janssen

A

Dutch eye glass maker, “stacked lenses”

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

England, saw dead cells in cork, reminded of monestary

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Dutch, observed/recorded his observations

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4
Q

Rudolph Virchos

A

Russia/German Physician, cell come from other cells disproving theory of spontaneous generation

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5
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made of cells
Cells are the structural and function units of life
Cells reproduce

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Little organ in frech

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7
Q

Semi-permeable

A

Controls what materials move in/out

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8
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Same structure/function as cell membrane

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9
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Opening in nuclear membrane mRNA exits through

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10
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of nucleus, jelly like fluid

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense area within the nucleus, site of pre assembly of ribosomes

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Relaxed version of DNA

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13
Q

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

A

Mostly H2O w/dissolved proteins/salts largest organelle

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14
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane bound transport pods

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15
Q

Cristae

A

Folded inner membrane

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16
Q

Matrix

A

Cytoplasm of mitochondria

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17
Q

Mitochondria DNA

A

Has its own DNA of maternal origin

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18
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage containers/membrane bound spaces

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19
Q

Vacuoles in plants

A

Large water vacuole to maintain cell’s shape and provide raw material for photosynthesis

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20
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes, merges with food vacuole

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Warehouse for storing verifying/modifying packaging and transport

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22
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Subway tunnels for modify, packaging and transport materials

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23
Q

Smooth Er

A

No ribosomes deals, w/lipids and carbs and modification of macromolecules involved in detoxification

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24
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections on the exterior of the cell membrane, difficult to control/coordinate = random spiral movement

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25
Q

Flagella

A

Whip like proejction on exterior of cell membrane gives unidirectional movement

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26
Q

Examples of unicellular eukaryote with Flagella

A

Euglena

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27
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of tubulin, hollow protein structures

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28
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thread like structures made of actin

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29
Q

Grana

A

Stack of thylakoids

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30
Q

Thylakoids

A

Contain photosynthetic pigment

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31
Q

Stroma

A

Cytoplasm of chloroplast

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32
Q

Magnification

A

Ratio of objects image size to real size

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33
Q

Resolution

A

Measure of clarity; minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as serparate points

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34
Q

Contrast

A

Different in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image

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35
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cell structure

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36
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds

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37
Q

Protist

A

Informal term referring to a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

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38
Q

Eukaryotic roots

A

True nucleus
eu: true
karyon: kernel

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39
Q

Prokaryotic roots

A

before nucleus
pro: before

40
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

41
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Rigid structure outside on many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or a slime layer

42
Q

Smallest cells

A

Mycoplasmas

43
Q

Most biological membrane are what?

A

Double layer

44
Q

Centrosome

A

Region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles

45
Q

Peroxisome

A

Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product and then converts it to water

46
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

47
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that surrounds nucleus

48
Q

Pore complex

A

Regulating the entry and exit of proteins and RNA

49
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Netlike array of protein filaments that lines inner surface nucleus

50
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

Framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior

51
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complex of rRNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

52
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Found within the cytosol, makes proteins found in cytosol

53
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

Mostly makes proteins destined for insertion itno membranes.

54
Q

endomembrane system

A

Collection of membranes inside/surrounding a eukaryotic cell

55
Q

Er roots

A

endoplasmic: within the cytoplasm
reticulum: little net (latin)
Cisterna; cisterna, a reservoir for a liquid

56
Q

Cisternae

A

Outer portion of Er

57
Q

Lumen

A

Inner portion of Er

58
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs/poisons and storage of calcium ions

59
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proeins w/carbs covalently bonded to them

60
Q

Transitional ER

A

Where secretory proteins depart from the ER wrapped in vesicles

61
Q

Rough ER function

A

Synthesis of membranes secretory and proteins

62
Q

Golgi sacs

63
Q

Receiving side of Golgi

64
Q

Shipping side of Golgi

65
Q

Phagocytosis roots

A

Greek phagein: to eat
Kytos: vessel

66
Q

Autophagy

A

Damaged organelle/small amount of cytosol becomes surrounded by a double membrane

67
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

68
Q

Central vacuoles

A

In mature plant cell, a large membranous sac w/roles in growth, storage and concealment of toxic substances

69
Q

Cristae

A

Infolding of the inner membrane of mitochondrion

70
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Compartment of mitochondrion enclosed by inner membrane, got stuff for citric acid cycle

71
Q

Thylakoids

A

flat sac of pigment

72
Q

Grana

A

Stack of thylakoids

73
Q

Stroma

A

“Cytoplasm” for chloroplast

74
Q

Plastid

A

Organelle w/pigment or food in plant cells

75
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Break down things, H2O2 is by product
Can break down fatty acids to smaller molecules
In liver to detoxify alcohol/other harmful stuff

76
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Found in fat storing tissues of plant seeds, fatty acids to sugar, kick start for seedlings

77
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Includes Keratins
Cell shape; anchorage of nucleus/other organelles; formation of nuclear lamina

78
Q

Dimer

A

Molecule made of two components

79
Q

Centrioles structure

A

(9+0) in animls

80
Q

Where is flagellum/cilium anchored

A

(9+0) arragement as basal body

81
Q

Dyneins

A

Large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet, ATP hydrolysis drive changes in dyneins shape

82
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region of cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell

83
Q

Myosin

A

Motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction

84
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving/feeding

85
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interaction of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells

86
Q

Primary cell wall

A

flexible thin layer that surrounds young cell

87
Q

Middle lamella

A

Thing layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells.

88
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

ECM meshwork surrounding animal cells w/ glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells

89
Q

Collagen

A

Glycoprotein in ECM that forms strong fibers, common in bone must common protein in animal kingdom

90
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Large molecule w/small core protein/many carb chain in ECM can be 95% carb

91
Q

Fibronectin

A

ECM glycoprotein that helps attach to other ECM secreted by animal cells

92
Q

Integrin

A

Animal cells, transmembrane receptor protein w/2 subunits that interconnects the ECM and cytoskeleton

93
Q

Tight junction

A

Prevents leakage of material through space between cells

94
Q

Desmosomes

A

Fastens cells together

95
Q

Gap junction

A

Allows passage of materials between cells

96
Q

Microfilament in plants

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

97
Q

Microfilament in animals

A

Cell motility/cell division

Biology Ap (9 decks)

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