Chapter 56

Question 1

Genetic Divesrity

Answer 1

Rage of diff inherited traits within a species
Can comprise variation of a population or between population

Question 2

Species diversity

Answer 2

Variety of specie sin an ecosystem or across the biosphere

Question 3

Biophilia

Answer 3

Connection to nature and all o flife

Question 4

What percentage of medicine if from plants

Answer 4

25%

Question 5

What happens when species is lost

Answer 5

Unique genes and some code for enormously useful proteins is lost

Question 6

Main threats to biodiversity

Answer 6

Habitat loss
introduced species
overharvesting
Global Change

Question 7

Main reason for habitat loss

Answer 7

Agriculture, urban development, forestry, mining and pollution

Question 8

Overhavesting problems

Answer 8

Large animals can’t reproduce due to low reproduction rates
Commercially important fish have been decimated by overfishing

Question 9

Global Change, first concern

Answer 9

Alters fabric of Earth’s ecosystems
First concern was acid precipitation

Question 10

Cause of acid percipitation

Answer 10

Burning of wood/fossil fuels release oxide of sulfer and nitrogen into the air: comes back down in form of sulfuric and nitric acids

Question 11

Ecosystem services

Answer 11

A function performed by an ecosystem that directly or indirectly benefits humans

Question 12

Introduced species

Answer 12

Invasive, non native, or exotic species moved by humans intentionally/accidentally from species native location to new geography region

Question 13

extinctional vortex

Answer 13

A downward population spiral in which inbreed and genetic drift combine to cause small population to shrink and, unless the spiral is reversed, become extinct.

Question 14

Small populations problems

Answer 14

Vulnerable to habitat loss, introduced species over harvesting.
Also emphasize extinction processes that bc pop. sizes have been greatly reduced

Question 15

Genetic drift

Answer 15

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations

Question 16

Equation for estimated population size

Answer 16

N_e = (4N_fN_m)/(N_f + N_m)

N_e is the estimated population size
N_f is the number of females
N_m is the number of males

Question 17

Minimum viable populatio

Answer 17

Smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive

Question 18

Effective population size

Answer 18

Estimate of size of a population based on the numbers of females and males that successfully breed; generally smaller than the total population

Question 19

landscape

Answer 19

area containing several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms

Question 20

Declining population approach

Answer 20

Focus on threatened/endangered pop.
Emphasize environmental factors that cause decline

Question 21

Biodiversity is heavily influced by…

Answer 21

Physical features (structure)

Question 22

Movement corridor

Answer 22

Narrow strip or series of small clumps of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches
-Promote dispersal, prevent inbreeding
-But disease

Question 23

What % of land is set aside by gov.

Answer 23

7%

Question 24

Biodiversity hotspot

Answer 24

Relatively small area with numerous endemic species (not found anywhere else in the world) and a large number of endangered and threatened species

Question 25

Endemic species

Answer 25

Species found in only one place

Question 26

Problems with reserves

Answer 26

-Prevented disturbances
-Not sure to have many small or few large

Question 27

Zoned Reserves

Answer 27

Extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturebed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain

Question 28

Urban ecology

Answer 28

Examines organisms and their environments in urban settings
Trying to balance needs of people and other species

Question 29

Urban springs

Answer 29

Rise and fall quick
More likely to have nutrients and contaminants

Question 30

4 types of environmental change

Answer 30

Nutrient enrichment, toxin accumulation, climate change, and ozone depletion

Question 31

Biological magnification

Answer 31

Harmful substances become increasingly concentrated in successively higher trophic levels of food webs

Question 32

Climate change

Answer 32

Significant global warming and changing patterns of precipitation due to increased CO2 levels, bc of burning fossil fuels

Question 33

Sustainable development

Answer 33

Economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Question 34

Critical load

Answer 34

Amount of added nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, that can be absorbed by plants without damaging the ecosystem’s integrity
Excess nutrient is passed to water making it unsafe to drink

Question 35

Eutrophication

Answer 35

Too much nutrients

Question 36

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Answer 36

Disrupt endocrine systems

Question 37

DDT

Answer 37

WW2, affected birds reproduction, can also be used to control mosquitoes spreading malaria

Question 38

Greenhouse effect

Answer 38

Insulation of heat

Question 39

CFC

Answer 39

Puts hole in ozone layer
Used in refrigeration

Question 40

Largest organization of ecologists

Answer 40

America - Sustainable Biosphere initiative