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Biology Ap > Chapter 4/5 Carbon and Macromolecules > Flashcards

Chapter 4/5 Carbon and Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Astrobiology

A

Space biology

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2
Q

Theoretical substitution for C?

A

Si, due to also being in column 14

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3
Q

Carbons role

A

Backbone of all marcromolecules

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4
Q

Master of covalent bonding

A

Carbon

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5
Q

What shapes can carbon form

A

Tetrhadral, linear chain, bent chain, branched chain, ring chain

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6
Q

Glucose family

A

Carbohydrate

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7
Q

Carbohydrate ending

A

-ose

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8
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 sugar units

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9
Q

Polysaccharide

A

3 or more sugar units

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10
Q

Plant skeleton

A

Cellulose

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11
Q

Dehydration synthesis in macromolecules can also be called

A

Polymerization

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12
Q

Sugar enzyme ending

A

-ase

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13
Q

Lipids

A

Long term storage of E

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14
Q

Hydroilysis

A

hydro = water
lysis = to split/break
process of putting H2O back in to break bonds

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15
Q

“Monomers” of lipid

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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16
Q

Glycerol

A

C3H5(OH)3 or C3H8O3

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17
Q

Fatty acids

A

Long hydrocarbon chains

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18
Q

Types of lipids

A

Trans, cis, saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated

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19
Q

Saturated fats

A

Maximum # of H atoms in hydrocarbon chains

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20
Q

Unsaturated

A

1 C=C bond in hydrocarbon chains

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21
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

2+ C=C bonds in hydrocarbon chains

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22
Q

Proteins in regard to E

A

Last resort for E

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23
Q

Monomers of proteins

A

Amino acid

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24
Q

5 component parts of amino acids

A

Central C
Hydrogen atom
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Radical Group

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25
Q

Amino group

A

NH2

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26
Q

Carboxyl group

A

(-COOH)

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27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein that carries O2 in circulatory system
Surface protein

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28
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Stores information (genetic info) = instruction for lfie

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29
Q

What macromolecule is never used as E source

A

Nucleic acid

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30
Q

Codon

A

mRNA

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31
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger, formed in nucleus from DNA, compliment of DNA’s code working copy

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32
Q

tRNA

A

Involved in proteins synthesis, transports specific amino acid to ribosome anticodon

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33
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal rna, structural component of ribosome

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34
Q

Polypeptide

A

Many bonds between amino acids

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35
Q

Deoxyribose vs Ribose

A

Both Pentoses (5-C) sugar, but absence of hydroxyl in position 2

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36
Q

Mock world experiment name/date/location

A

Stanley millers experiment, 1953, university of chicago

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37
Q

Scientists in mock world experiment

A

Stanley millers and Harold Urey

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38
Q

Purpose of Stanley Millers experiment

A

Investigate whether Nature could spontaneously generate the macromolecules needed to create life

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39
Q

“Ocean” in Stanley Millers experiment

A

Primordial soup

40
Q

Atmosphere in Stanley Millers experiment

A

CH4 NH3 H2 O2 H2O

41
Q

What stimulated disassociation in Stanley Millers experiment

A

Electricity, mock lightning

42
Q

C atoms utilizing single bonds, overlapping tetrahedrons -ending

A

-ane

43
Q

C=C bond in molecule structure ending

A

-ene

44
Q

Result of C=C bonds in C based molecules

A

Flattened

45
Q

Notation of branching in compounds

A

2-methypropane
Propane: 3 C chain
Methyl group is branching off 2nd C

46
Q

Notation of C=C bonds

A

1-Butene
C=C is after C 1
2-Butene
C=C is after C 2

47
Q

Ringed arrangements C based compounds

A

All single C-C bonds
Alternating C-C and C=C bonds

48
Q

Cis isomer

A

Atom/functional groups exists on same side double C=C bond

49
Q

Trans isomer

A

Atom/function group exist on opposing sides of C=C bonds

50
Q

Enantiomers

A

Same chemical formula but mirror images of each other

51
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

52
Q

Carbonyl

A

> C=O

53
Q

Carboxyl

A

-COOH

54
Q

Amino

A

-NH2

55
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

-SH

56
Q

Phospahte

A

-PO4

57
Q

Methyl group

A

-CH3

58
Q

All function groups found in what monomer

A

Amino acids

59
Q

Functional groups found in Carbs

A

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl

60
Q

Functional groups found in Lipids

A

Phosphate, Methyl

61
Q

Cal/g of Carbs

A

4

62
Q

Cal/g of lipids

A

9

63
Q

Ribose chemical equation

A

C5H6O(OH)4 or C5H10O5

64
Q

Deoxyribose chemical equation

A

C5H7O(OH)3 or C5H10O4

65
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon an hydrogen

66
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with same chem formula but diff structure/different properties

67
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with same molecular formal but diff covalent arrangements of atoms

68
Q

Methane C

A

1

69
Q

Ethane C

A

2

70
Q

Propane C

A

3

71
Q

Butane C

A

4

72
Q

Pentane C

A

5

73
Q

Hexane C

A

6

74
Q

Heptane C

A

7

75
Q

Octane C

A

8

76
Q

Nonane C

A

9

77
Q

Decane C

A

10

78
Q

Molecules with Hydroxyl group

A

-ol
Ex. ethanol

79
Q

Molecules with Carbonyl group

A

In C skeleton: Ketone
On outer edge: Aldehyde

80
Q

Molecules with Carboxyl group

A

Acts as acid: Carboxylic acid, organic acid

81
Q

Molecules with Amino gruop

A

Acts as a base, Amine

82
Q

Molecules with Sulfohydryl group

A

Helps stabilize protein structure, Thiol

83
Q

Molecules with Phosphate group

A

Ability to react with water, releasing energy: Oranic phosphate

84
Q

Molecules with Methyl group

A

Expression of genes when bonded to DNA/proteins that bind to DNA, affects shape and function of male/female sex hormones
Methylated compound

85
Q

Enzymes

A

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst

86
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

87
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

88
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

89
Q

Amylose

A

Unbranched polysaccharide

90
Q

Amylopectin

A

Somewhat branched polysaccharide

91
Q

Glycogen

A

Extensively branched polysaccharide found in liver/muscle of animals, equivalent of starch

92
Q

Cellulose

A

Unbranched, hydrogen, bonded between parallel cellulose molecules

93
Q

Alpha glucose

A

Outer OH both facing down

94
Q

Beta glucose

A

Outer OH Down -> up

95
Q

Chitin

A

Carbohydrate used by arthropods exoskeleton/fungal walls, structural polysaccharide

96
Q

Denaturation

A

Proteins loses its native shape due to the disruption f weak ch emical bonds and interactions, becoming biologically inactive

97
Q

Fatty acid length

A

3-18

Biology Ap (9 decks)

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