Chapter 4/5 Carbon and Macromolecules Flashcards
Astrobiology
Space biology
Theoretical substitution for C?
Si, due to also being in column 14
Carbons role
Backbone of all marcromolecules
Master of covalent bonding
Carbon
What shapes can carbon form
Tetrhadral, linear chain, bent chain, branched chain, ring chain
Glucose family
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate ending
-ose
Disaccharide
2 sugar units
Polysaccharide
3 or more sugar units
Plant skeleton
Cellulose
Dehydration synthesis in macromolecules can also be called
Polymerization
Sugar enzyme ending
-ase
Lipids
Long term storage of E
Hydroilysis
hydro = water
lysis = to split/break
process of putting H2O back in to break bonds
“Monomers” of lipid
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Glycerol
C3H5(OH)3 or C3H8O3
Fatty acids
Long hydrocarbon chains
Types of lipids
Trans, cis, saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated
Saturated fats
Maximum # of H atoms in hydrocarbon chains
Unsaturated
1 C=C bond in hydrocarbon chains
Polyunsaturated
2+ C=C bonds in hydrocarbon chains
Proteins in regard to E
Last resort for E
Monomers of proteins
Amino acid
5 component parts of amino acids
Central C
Hydrogen atom
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Radical Group
Amino group
NH2
Carboxyl group
(-COOH)
Hemoglobin
Protein that carries O2 in circulatory system
Surface protein
Nucleic acid
Stores information (genetic info) = instruction for lfie
What macromolecule is never used as E source
Nucleic acid
Codon
mRNA
mRNA
Messenger, formed in nucleus from DNA, compliment of DNA’s code working copy
tRNA
Involved in proteins synthesis, transports specific amino acid to ribosome anticodon
rRNA
ribosomal rna, structural component of ribosome
Polypeptide
Many bonds between amino acids
Deoxyribose vs Ribose
Both Pentoses (5-C) sugar, but absence of hydroxyl in position 2
Mock world experiment name/date/location
Stanley millers experiment, 1953, university of chicago
Scientists in mock world experiment
Stanley millers and Harold Urey
Purpose of Stanley Millers experiment
Investigate whether Nature could spontaneously generate the macromolecules needed to create life
“Ocean” in Stanley Millers experiment
Primordial soup
Atmosphere in Stanley Millers experiment
CH4 NH3 H2 O2 H2O
What stimulated disassociation in Stanley Millers experiment
Electricity, mock lightning
C atoms utilizing single bonds, overlapping tetrahedrons -ending
-ane
C=C bond in molecule structure ending
-ene
Result of C=C bonds in C based molecules
Flattened
Notation of branching in compounds
2-methypropane
Propane: 3 C chain
Methyl group is branching off 2nd C
Notation of C=C bonds
1-Butene
C=C is after C 1
2-Butene
C=C is after C 2
Ringed arrangements C based compounds
All single C-C bonds
Alternating C-C and C=C bonds
Cis isomer
Atom/functional groups exists on same side double C=C bond
Trans isomer
Atom/function group exist on opposing sides of C=C bonds
Enantiomers
Same chemical formula but mirror images of each other
Hydroxyl
-OH
Carbonyl
> C=O
Carboxyl
-COOH
Amino
-NH2
Sulfhydryl
-SH
Phospahte
-PO4
Methyl group
-CH3
All function groups found in what monomer
Amino acids
Functional groups found in Carbs
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl
Functional groups found in Lipids
Phosphate, Methyl
Cal/g of Carbs
4
Cal/g of lipids
9
Ribose chemical equation
C5H6O(OH)4 or C5H10O5
Deoxyribose chemical equation
C5H7O(OH)3 or C5H10O4
Hydrocarbons
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon an hydrogen
Isomer
Compounds with same chem formula but diff structure/different properties
Structural isomers
Compounds with same molecular formal but diff covalent arrangements of atoms
Methane C
1
Ethane C
2
Propane C
3
Butane C
4
Pentane C
5
Hexane C
6
Heptane C
7
Octane C
8
Nonane C
9
Decane C
10
Molecules with Hydroxyl group
-ol
Ex. ethanol
Molecules with Carbonyl group
In C skeleton: Ketone
On outer edge: Aldehyde
Molecules with Carboxyl group
Acts as acid: Carboxylic acid, organic acid
Molecules with Amino gruop
Acts as a base, Amine
Molecules with Sulfohydryl group
Helps stabilize protein structure, Thiol
Molecules with Phosphate group
Ability to react with water, releasing energy: Oranic phosphate
Molecules with Methyl group
Expression of genes when bonded to DNA/proteins that bind to DNA, affects shape and function of male/female sex hormones
Methylated compound
Enzymes
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst
Glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
Amylose
Unbranched polysaccharide
Amylopectin
Somewhat branched polysaccharide
Glycogen
Extensively branched polysaccharide found in liver/muscle of animals, equivalent of starch
Cellulose
Unbranched, hydrogen, bonded between parallel cellulose molecules
Alpha glucose
Outer OH both facing down
Beta glucose
Outer OH Down -> up
Chitin
Carbohydrate used by arthropods exoskeleton/fungal walls, structural polysaccharide
Denaturation
Proteins loses its native shape due to the disruption f weak ch emical bonds and interactions, becoming biologically inactive
Fatty acid length
3-18