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Biology Ap > Chapter 54 > Flashcards

Chapter 54 Flashcards

1
Q

Community

A

Population of differnet species living in the same habitat

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2
Q

Interspecific interaction

A

Interaction between different species in the community

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3
Q

Competition

A

( - / - ) interaction that occur when individuals of different species each use a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of both individuals

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4
Q

Predation

A

( + / - ) interaction between species in which the predator kills and eats the other prey

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5
Q

Herbivory

A

( + / - )

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6
Q

Symbiosis

A

Individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

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7
Q

Mutualism

A

( + / + )

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8
Q

Commensalism

A

( + / 0 ) symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but neither harms or helps the other

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9
Q

Parasitism

A

( + / - )

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10
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live within body of the host

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11
Q

Ectoparasites

A

parasites that feed on the skin/external surface of the host

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12
Q

Facilitation

A

( + / + ) or ( 0 / + )

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13
Q

Competition

A

Species competing for a resource that limit their growth and survival

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14
Q

Ecological Niche

A

Sum of environmental factors that a species require : habitat, food source, temperature, etc.

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15
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Niche initially occupied by a species

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16
Q

Realized niche

A

Actual niche occupied in a particular environment

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17
Q

Competitive exclusion principles

A

Devised by Russian ecologist G.F Gause
Two species with same niches can’t coexist in a community
But they can through resrouce Partitioning or differentiation of niches

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18
Q

Allopatric

A

Geographically spereate

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19
Q

Sympatric

A

Geographically overlapping

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20
Q

Character displacement

A

Tendency to diverge in order to survive in a competition

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21
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camouflage, makes prey difficult to be seen.

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22
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit bright colors and predators avoid preys with bright colors.

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23
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Harmless species mimics a harmful one.

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24
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two or more harmless species resemble each other.

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25
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

Both species can survive independently without the other

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26
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

One species loses ability to survive without its partner

27
Q

Facilitation

A

Interspecific interaction in which species can have positive effects without living

28
Q

Spcies diversity

A

The variation of different species that form a community

29
Q

Species richness

A

The amount of differnet species in a community

30
Q

Relative abundance

A

The percentage of how much a species represents the community

31
Q

Shannon diversity index

A

H = -(pA inpA + pB inpB + pC inpC)

32
Q

Invasive species

A

Organisms that become based outside their domestic area

33
Q

Benefits of diverse communitites

A

More resistant against invasive species
More effective
Able to resist disturbances better
More stable

34
Q

Trophic structure

A

Correlation between organisms in a community in relation to food energy

35
Q

Food chain

A

The exchange of food energy through the trophic levels

36
Q

Food webs

A

Concept that food chains are not isolated but rather linked together in a web

37
Q

Who created food web

A

Charles elton in 1920

38
Q

Energetic hypothesis

A

Food chains are short because longer chains has inefficient E transfer

39
Q

Dynamic stability hypothesis

A

Suggest longer chains are less stable, changes in lower trophic levels could be magnified

40
Q

Dominant species

A

Species that has the largest population/biomass in a community with the ability to affect a community

41
Q

Keystone species

A

Species that have a strong control over a community due to their niches, but doesn’t have the largest population

42
Q

Foundation species

A

Has strong effects on its community bc/ large size, high abundance, or a pivotal role in community dynamics.
May provide significant habitat or good for other species, also may be competitively dominant in exploiting key resources.

43
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

Organism that influences community structure by causing physical change sin the environment

44
Q

Adjacent trophic level relationships

A

V -> H More Veg. More herbivore
V <- H
V<–> H

45
Q

Bottom up model

A

Shows the control that lower trophic levels have on higher trophic levels

46
Q

Top- down model/trophic cascade

A

Shows the effect of predation in a community

47
Q

Biomanipulation

A

Used to manipulate the environment by using the top-down model

48
Q

Disturbance

A

Events such as a storm, fire, flood, drought, human activity

49
Q

Non-equilibrium model

A

Describes most communities as constantly changing after being affected by disturbances.

50
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

Moderate levels of disturbances foster greater species diversity, and can open up habitats for less competitive species making a more diverse community

51
Q

Ecological succession

A

A process in which the species in the disturbed are gradually replaced by other species

52
Q

Primary succession

A

Called primary when the ecological succession happens in a virtually lifeless environment with no soil

53
Q

Secondary succession

A

Called secondary when the soil is present but the community ahs been cleared out by a disturbance

54
Q

Why are species in tropics more abundant

A

More speciation events -> more diverse

55
Q

Climate as a primary cause

A

In terrestrial communities, two main climatic factors : solar energy input and water availability -> high in tropics

56
Q

Area effect

A

If all other factors are equal, the larger the land = the more diverse the community

57
Q

Island Equilibrium model

A

Devised by Robert MacArthur and E.O Wilson
States species diversity depends on size of island, distance from mainland, immigration rate and extinction rate.
Used to predict the stable number of species
Higher # is great in larder island closer to mainland.

58
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism, virus, viroid, or prion that is able to create a disease
Change structure of community, thrive as invasive due to no immunity

59
Q

Zoonotic Pathogens

A

Pathogen that are transmitted from animal to human through direct contact/vector

60
Q

Vector

A

Animal that receives a disease from one animal and passes to a human (tick, mosquito, etc)

61
Q

Resource partitioning

A

The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species.

62
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the evaporation of water from soil and plants, takes into account sunlight and precipitation rates

63
Q

species area curve

A

biodiversity pattern that shows the larger than geographic area of a community is, the more species it has.

64
Q
A

Biology Ap (9 decks)

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