Chapter 52 Flashcards
Ecology roots
oikos - home
logos - study
Examples of naturalist
Aristotle and Darwin, they studied living world and systematically recorded their observations
How is modern ecology viewed differently from the past
Its more than just observation, now more rigorous, needs biological knowledge
Biosphere
Global ecosystem of all the planets of landscapes
Global ecology
How exchange of energy and materials influence the distribution of organisms around the biosphere
Landscape ecology
- Factors controlling energy exchange
- Materials
- Organisms
Ecosystem Ecology
Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow/chemical cycle between organisms and environments
Ecosystem
Community of organisms in an area
Population Ecology
Pop. - group of species living in the same area
Analyzes factors that affect size + how/why it changes over time
Organismal Ecology
Sub disciplines of physiology, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology.
ex. How do hammerhead sharks select a mate?
Tropics
-23.5° North/South Latitude
¸Why is it hotter closer to equator?
- Sunlight hits area more directly causes more heat/ light per unit of surface area
- Higher latitudes - sunlight hits earth at an oblique angle
What are global climate patterns largely determined by
Input of Solar Energy
Earth’s movment in space
Other influential Climate factors
Seasonal Variation in Climate
Bodies of water
Mountain Ranges
Where are seasonal cycles more obvious?
Higher latitude
What alters ocean currents?
Seasonal changes in wind patterns
Result of changing ocean currents?
Upwelling of cold water from deep ocean layers, which are nutrient rich.
Biome
Any of the world’s major ecosystem types, determined by vegetation type or physical environment in aquatic biomes. Ex. Desert
Climograph
Plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region
What has a strong influence ion the distribution of planmt species
Climate, a major factor in determining location of terrestrial biomes
Temperate broad leaf forest
a biome located throughout midlatitude region where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees.
Where are temperate grasslands mostly found, other condition
Middle latitudes moderate climate, found with various grass species, microorganisms, fungi and animals
Ecotone
Transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.
Canopy
The uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome
Do all biomes have layers?
Yes, yet they may not present as clear as some
Northern coniferous forest
a terrestrial biome characterized by long, cold winters and dominated by cone-bearing trees
Disturbance
storm fire or human activity that changes a community, removing orgnaisms from it and altering resource availability.
Savanna
tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees and large herbivores and maintained by occasional fires and drought
Chaparral
Scrubland biome of dense spiny evergreen shrubs found at mid latitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore;
-mild, rainy winters
-long, hot dry summers
photic zone
narrow top layer of ocean or lake, where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur
aphotic zone
part of ocean of lake beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis occur
Pelagic zone
open water component of aquatic biomes
abyssal zone
Part of the ocean’s benthic zone between 2k,6km deep
Benthic zone
bottom surface of an aquatic environment
Benthos
Communities of organisms living in the benthic zone of an aquatic biome
Detritus
Dead organic matter
thermocline
narrow stratum of abrupt temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate zone lakes
turnover
mixing of water as result of changing water temperature profiles in a lake
oligotrophic lakes
nutrient poor and oxygen rich lakes
Eutrophic lakes
oxygen rich and nutrient poor
littoral zone
where rooted and floating aquatic plants live, well lit, close to shore
limnetic zone
phytoplankton, to deep to support rooted plants
intertidal zone
periodically submerged, as the tides rise and fall
Dispersal
movement of individuals and gametes away from their parent location, this movement expands its geographic range of a population of species
Bodies of water and climate
high specific heat of water cases changes on nearby land
Natural range expansion
dispersal carried out over long distance
adaptive radiation
rapid evolution of an ancestral species into new speices that fill many ecological neiches
species transplants
intentional or accidental transplant of species to areas where it was previously absent
What marks a successful species transplant
If it shows that transplanted species is able to survive and reproduce int eh new environment sustainably.
Biotic factors
Predatory, herbivory, presence of pollinators/parasite/pathogens
Temp range of life
0-45C
How does oxygen diffuse in water
slowly, making surface water much more oxygen rich
