Chapter 2 Flashcards
Matter
Has volume and Mass
Volume
Measure of space occupied
Mass
Amount of matter (weight - measure of gravitational pull
Element
Pure substance, composed of identical type of atoms
Natural elements
92
All elements
118
Compound
Substance containing more than one type of element/atom
Emergent Properties
New properties after bonding to form a compound
Percentage of naturally occurring elements existing in living organisms
20-25%
C substitute
Si
Order of essential elements by improtance
Chonps
Essential elements def
Elements that are required in the greatest quanitity
Carbohydrate purpose
Quick E
Lipids purpose
E storage
Nucleic acid purpose
(DNA and RNA) Information storage and transportation
Proteins
Structural compounds enzymes
Big 6 make up what percentage of living matter
96%
What precent of living matter is made of trace elements
4%
Democritus
Greek - 450Bc
Renaissance Man
Root work for Atom
Atomos - can’t be split without destroying original properties
Subatomic particle
Sub, under/within
Particles that make up atom
About how many subatomic particles have been identified
about 100
3 primary subatomic particles
Proton
Electon
Neutron
1 amu
1.67 x 10^-27 kg
Nucleus
Center of the atom
What electron shell has most E
Valence shell
Covalent bond
sharing e-
strong bond
Cation
Lost e-
Positive charge
Anion
gain e-
Negative charge
Hydrogen bond
Electrostatic attraction of positively charged H to negative atom
Not physical bond
Var der Waals
Static cling
Not physical bond
Compound/Molecule
Two or more elements chemically bonded together in very specific ration
Chemical formula
List of ingredients/elements in chemical reaction
John Dalton
1800’s England
Atomic theory
Dalton = 1 amu
Isotopes
Heavy atom of a given element, # of neutron si increased
Radioactive tracers
Tag a compound with radioactive isotope
Abnormal cells hog resources, so it will have higher concentration of tagged material
What is released due to nucleus decay
Alpha/Beta particles
Radiometric Dating
Determining age of fossils by use of half life
Half life
Amount of time need for 1/2 of the radioactive isotope to decay to a stable state
Majority of atom is?
empty space
Potential E
E relative to position
Why do atoms bond to others?
In attempt to fill their valence shell
Left of PTE
Metals, often Cation
Right of PTE
Gases, often anion
When are Ionic bonds weakest
In presence of H2O
Electronegativity pattern
Right/up period - increase
Left/down period - decreases
Molecules shape significance
Dictates reactivity with other molecules/enzymes and with “docking sites” on cells membranes
SHAPES ARE VERY SPECIFIC
Tetrahedron
4 bonds at corners/vertticies of pyramid
Endorphin
“Pleasure” hormones
Opioids
societal crisis
How do opioids work?
Mimic the shape of endorphins
Occupy receptor sites normally used by endorphins, occupy site and linger
“Nod out” - when wake up they crave the rapid joy
Essential elements plants vs animals
Plants use 17 of 25
Animals use 25
