Chapter 6- The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.
A
white blood cells
2
Q
A device used to measure blood pressure
A
sphygmomanometer
3
Q
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
A
synovial fluid
4
Q
The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food.
A
autonomic nervous system
5
Q
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flowed in the subarachnoid space and bathed the meninges.
A
cerebrospinal fluid
6
Q
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.
A
V/Q ratio
7
Q
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.
A
Prostate gland
8
Q
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
A
Ulna
9
Q
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
A
Systole
10
Q
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
A
Minute volume
11
Q
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
A
Pathophysiology
12
Q
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area
A
Femoral artery
13
Q
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
A
Midsagittal plane
14
Q
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
A
Adenosine triphosohate
15
Q
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s Apple
A
Thyroid cartilage
16
Q
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
A
Seminal vesicles
17
Q
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
A
Abdomen
18
Q
The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
A
Respiration
19
Q
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
A
Symphyses
20
Q
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
A
Chyme
21
Q
The small organs that produce hair
A
Hair follicles
22
Q
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
A
Residual volume
23
Q
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
A
Cecum
24
Q
The supporting bone of the upper arm
A
Humerus
25
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
26
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal plane
27
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
28
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal
Reticular activating system
29
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
30
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
Systemic vascular resistance
31
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
Endocrine system
32
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
33
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells; also called cellular respiration
Metabolism
34
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personally
Cerebrum
35
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron
Axons
36
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica media
37
The heart muscle
Myocardium
38
A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases
Hypoxic drive
39
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
Urethra
40
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
41
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
42
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stored glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
Liver
43
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
Diaphragm
44
The straightening of a joint
Extension
45
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venues that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
Capillary vessels
46
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
Superior vena cava
47
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Pubis
48
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic receptors
49
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
Cervical spine
50
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
Peripheral nervous system
51
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
Hinge joints
52
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
53
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle
Voluntary muscle
54
The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
55
The chest or rib cage
Thoracic cage
56
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
57
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
Joint capsule
58
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
Temporal bones
59
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse plane
60
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
61
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous system
62
The reproductive system in men and women
Genital system
63
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
Sacroiliac joint
64
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. These tissues support and strengthen a joint
Ligaments
65
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
Radical artery
66
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
Digestion
67
A sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
68
A conditional in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion
Shock
69
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
Pulse
70
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla oblongata
71
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
Cerebellum
72
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
73
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
74
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side
Fibula
75
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
76
The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels
Perfusion
77
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
Xiphoid process
78
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
Parietal bones
79
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal
Vagina
80
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
Nasopharynx
81
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
Coronal plane
82
Muscles that encircle and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
Sphincters
83
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood pressure
84
The heart muscle
Cardiac muscle
85
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
Greater trochanter
86
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
Esophagus
87
The bones of the vertebral column
Vertebrae
88
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
Cricothyroid membrane
89
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
90
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small intestine
91
The space within a cell or cells
Intracellular space
92
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
Topographic anatomy
93
The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath
Tidal volume
94
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glands
95
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia
Hypercapnia
96
The navel; also called the belly button
Umbilicus
97
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
98
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume
99
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
Biceps
100
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
Zygomas
101
The heel bone
calcaneus
102
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
pleura
103
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood.
pulmonary artery
104
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
anatomy
105
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
thorax
106
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.
maxillae
107
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dental layer of the skin.
sweat glands
108
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
pons
109
One of the two lower chambers of the heart.
ventricle
110
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
axial skeleton
111
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.
orbit
112
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
anatomic position
113
One of three bones that fuse the pelvic ring.
ischium
114
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
circulatory system
115
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus.
ovaries
116
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
117
The lowermost end of the colon
rectum
118
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
dorsal is pedis artery
119
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.
hypoxia
120
The air sacs of the lungs in which the Exhange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
alveoli
121
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.
arterioles
122
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man.
expiratory reserve volume
123
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
brainstem
124
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
subcutaneous tissue
125
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.
malleolus
126
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
ilium
127
The muscle in the back of the upper arm.
triceps
128
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.
skeletal muscle
129
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.
tibia
130
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
clavicle
131
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement.
brain
132
The hip bones
coaxed (singular: coxa)
133
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.
mucus
134
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
agonal gasps
135
One of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
sacrum
136
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
diffusion
137
The breast bone.
sternum
138
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
aorta
139
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.
platelets
140
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.
urinary system
141
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
vertebral column
142
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
cricoid cartilage
143
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
lymph nodes
144
The wavelike contradiction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.
peristalsis
145
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five non fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.
lumbar spine
146
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes.
red blood cells
147
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, or the heart, especially of the ventricles.
diastole
148
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.
dead space
149
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.
coccyx
150
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.
musculoskeletal system
151
A sac on the undersurface of the love that collects build from the liver and discharged it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
gallbladder
152
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair.
scalp
153
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
appendicular skeleton
154
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
synovial membrane
155
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.
oropharynx
156
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
inspiratory reserve volume
157
A come-shaped area that collects uterine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.
renal pelvis
158
The bones of the fingers and toes.
phalanges
159
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
heart
160
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
pleural space
161
The artery just behind the malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.
posterior tibial artery
