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EMS ACADEMY > Chapter 6- The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6- The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.

A

white blood cells

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2
Q

A device used to measure blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

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3
Q

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

A

synovial fluid

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4
Q

The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food.

A

autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flowed in the subarachnoid space and bathed the meninges.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.

A

V/Q ratio

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7
Q

A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.

A

Prostate gland

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8
Q

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb

A

Ulna

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9
Q

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

A

Systole

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10
Q

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation

A

Minute volume

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11
Q

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

A

Pathophysiology

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12
Q

The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area

A

Femoral artery

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13
Q

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves

A

Midsagittal plane

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14
Q

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

A

Adenosine triphosohate

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15
Q

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s Apple

A

Thyroid cartilage

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16
Q

Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

A

Seminal vesicles

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17
Q

The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

A

Abdomen

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18
Q

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Respiration

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19
Q

Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection

A

Symphyses

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20
Q

The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids

A

Chyme

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21
Q

The small organs that produce hair

A

Hair follicles

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22
Q

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

Residual volume

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23
Q

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

A

Cecum

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24
Q

The supporting bone of the upper arm

A

Humerus

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25
Q

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

A

Chordae tendineae

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26
Q

An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts

A

Sagittal plane

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27
Q

The upper quarter of the sternum

A

Manubrium

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28
Q

Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

A

Reticular activating system

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29
Q

A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

A

Pubic symphysis

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30
Q

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel

A

Systemic vascular resistance

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31
Q

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

A

Endocrine system

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32
Q

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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33
Q

The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells; also called cellular respiration

A

Metabolism

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34
Q

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personally

A

Cerebrum

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35
Q

Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron

A

Axons

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36
Q

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

A

Tunica media

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37
Q

The heart muscle

A

Myocardium

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38
Q

A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases

A

Hypoxic drive

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39
Q

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

A

Urethra

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40
Q

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

A

Motor nerves

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41
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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42
Q

A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stored glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses

A

Liver

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43
Q

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

A

Diaphragm

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44
Q

The straightening of a joint

A

Extension

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45
Q

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venues that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood

A

Capillary vessels

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46
Q

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart

A

Superior vena cava

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47
Q

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

Pubis

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48
Q

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

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49
Q

The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

A

Cervical spine

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50
Q

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

A

Peripheral nervous system

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51
Q

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane

A

Hinge joints

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52
Q

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

A

Systemic circulation

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53
Q

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle

A

Voluntary muscle

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54
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are formed

A

Germinal layer

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55
Q

The chest or rib cage

A

Thoracic cage

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56
Q

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

A

Oncotic pressure

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57
Q

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint

A

Joint capsule

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58
Q

The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

A

Temporal bones

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59
Q

An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts

A

Transverse plane

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60
Q

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

A

Foramen magnum

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61
Q

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

A

Nervous system

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62
Q

The reproductive system in men and women

A

Genital system

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63
Q

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

A

Sacroiliac joint

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64
Q

Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. These tissues support and strengthen a joint

A

Ligaments

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65
Q

The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

A

Radical artery

66
Q

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

A

Digestion

67
Q

A sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

A

Plasma

68
Q

A conditional in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion

A

Shock

69
Q

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries

A

Pulse

70
Q

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

A

Medulla oblongata

71
Q

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements

A

Cerebellum

72
Q

The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

A

Trachea

73
Q

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm

A

Radius

74
Q

The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side

A

Fibula

75
Q

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin

A

Pancreas

76
Q

The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels

A

Perfusion

77
Q

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

A

Xiphoid process

78
Q

The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

A

Parietal bones

79
Q

The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal

A

Vagina

80
Q

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

A

Nasopharynx

81
Q

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

A

Coronal plane

82
Q

Muscles that encircle and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels

A

Sphincters

83
Q

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

A

Blood pressure

84
Q

The heart muscle

A

Cardiac muscle

85
Q

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

A

Greater trochanter

86
Q

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

A

Esophagus

87
Q

The bones of the vertebral column

A

Vertebrae

88
Q

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

A

Cricothyroid membrane

89
Q

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

A

Somatic nervous system

90
Q

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

Small intestine

91
Q

The space within a cell or cells

A

Intracellular space

92
Q

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

A

Topographic anatomy

93
Q

The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath

A

Tidal volume

94
Q

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal glands

95
Q

An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia

A

Hypercapnia

96
Q

The navel; also called the belly button

A

Umbilicus

97
Q

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

A

Enzymes

98
Q

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

A

Stroke volume

99
Q

The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus

A

Biceps

100
Q

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone

A

Zygomas

101
Q

The heel bone

A

calcaneus

102
Q

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.

A

pleura

103
Q

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood.

A

pulmonary artery

104
Q

The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.

A

anatomy

105
Q

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

A

thorax

106
Q

The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.

A

maxillae

107
Q

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dental layer of the skin.

A

sweat glands

108
Q

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.

A

pons

109
Q

One of the two lower chambers of the heart.

A

ventricle

110
Q

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

A

axial skeleton

111
Q

The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.

A

orbit

112
Q

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

A

anatomic position

113
Q

One of three bones that fuse the pelvic ring.

A

ischium

114
Q

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.

A

circulatory system

115
Q

The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus.

A

ovaries

116
Q

An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.

A

hemoglobin

117
Q

The lowermost end of the colon

A

rectum

118
Q

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

A

dorsal is pedis artery

119
Q

Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.

A

hypoxia

120
Q

The air sacs of the lungs in which the Exhange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

A

alveoli

121
Q

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.

A

arterioles

122
Q

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man.

A

expiratory reserve volume

123
Q

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.

A

brainstem

124
Q

Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.

A

subcutaneous tissue

125
Q

A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.

A

malleolus

126
Q

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

A

ilium

127
Q

The muscle in the back of the upper arm.

A

triceps

128
Q

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.

A

skeletal muscle

129
Q

The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.

A

tibia

130
Q

The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.

A

clavicle

131
Q

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement.

A

brain

132
Q

The hip bones

A

coaxed (singular: coxa)

133
Q

The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.

A

mucus

134
Q

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.

A

agonal gasps

135
Q

One of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.

A

sacrum

136
Q

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

diffusion

137
Q

The breast bone.

A

sternum

138
Q

The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.

A

aorta

139
Q

Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.

A

platelets

140
Q

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.

A

urinary system

141
Q

The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.

A

vertebral column

142
Q

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.

A

cricoid cartilage

143
Q

Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.

A

lymph nodes

144
Q

The wavelike contradiction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.

A

peristalsis

145
Q

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five non fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.

A

lumbar spine

146
Q

Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes.

A

red blood cells

147
Q

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, or the heart, especially of the ventricles.

A

diastole

148
Q

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.

A

dead space

149
Q

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.

A

coccyx

150
Q

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.

A

musculoskeletal system

151
Q

A sac on the undersurface of the love that collects build from the liver and discharged it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.

A

gallbladder

152
Q

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair.

A

scalp

153
Q

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.

A

appendicular skeleton

154
Q

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

A

synovial membrane

155
Q

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.

A

oropharynx

156
Q

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.

A

inspiratory reserve volume

157
Q

A come-shaped area that collects uterine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.

A

renal pelvis

158
Q

The bones of the fingers and toes.

A

phalanges

159
Q

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

A

heart

160
Q

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.

A

pleural space

161
Q

The artery just behind the malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.

A

posterior tibial artery

EMS ACADEMY (25 decks)

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