Chapter 6- The Human Body Flashcards
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.
white blood cells
A device used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
synovial fluid
The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food.
autonomic nervous system
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flowed in the subarachnoid space and bathed the meninges.
cerebrospinal fluid
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.
V/Q ratio
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.
Prostate gland
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
Ulna
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
Systole
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
Minute volume
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
Pathophysiology
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area
Femoral artery
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Midsagittal plane
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
Adenosine triphosohate
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s Apple
Thyroid cartilage
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
Seminal vesicles
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
Abdomen
The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
Respiration
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
Symphyses
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
The small organs that produce hair
Hair follicles
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual volume
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal plane
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal
Reticular activating system
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
Systemic vascular resistance
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
Endocrine system
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells; also called cellular respiration
Metabolism
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personally
Cerebrum
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron
Axons
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica media
The heart muscle
Myocardium
A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases
Hypoxic drive
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
Urethra
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stored glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
Liver
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
Diaphragm
The straightening of a joint
Extension
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venues that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
Capillary vessels
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
Superior vena cava
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Pubis
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic receptors
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
Cervical spine
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
Peripheral nervous system
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
Hinge joints
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle
Voluntary muscle
The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
The chest or rib cage
Thoracic cage
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
Joint capsule
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
Temporal bones
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse plane
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous system
The reproductive system in men and women
Genital system
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
Sacroiliac joint
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. These tissues support and strengthen a joint
Ligaments
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
Radical artery
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
Digestion
A sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
A conditional in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion
Shock
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
Pulse
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla oblongata
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
Cerebellum
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side
Fibula
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels
Perfusion
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
Xiphoid process
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
Parietal bones
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal
Vagina
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
Nasopharynx
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
Coronal plane
Muscles that encircle and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
Sphincters
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood pressure
The heart muscle
Cardiac muscle
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
Greater trochanter
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
Esophagus
The bones of the vertebral column
Vertebrae
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
Cricothyroid membrane
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small intestine
The space within a cell or cells
Intracellular space
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
Topographic anatomy
The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath
Tidal volume
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glands
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia
Hypercapnia
The navel; also called the belly button
Umbilicus
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
Biceps
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
Zygomas
The heel bone
calcaneus
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
pleura
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood.
pulmonary artery
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
anatomy
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
thorax
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.
maxillae
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dental layer of the skin.
sweat glands
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
pons
One of the two lower chambers of the heart.
ventricle
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
axial skeleton
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.
orbit
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
anatomic position
One of three bones that fuse the pelvic ring.
ischium
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
circulatory system
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus.
ovaries
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
The lowermost end of the colon
rectum
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
dorsal is pedis artery
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.
hypoxia
The air sacs of the lungs in which the Exhange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
alveoli
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.
arterioles
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man.
expiratory reserve volume
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
brainstem
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
subcutaneous tissue
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.
malleolus
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
ilium
The muscle in the back of the upper arm.
triceps
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.
skeletal muscle
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.
tibia
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
clavicle
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement.
brain
The hip bones
coaxed (singular: coxa)
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.
mucus
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
agonal gasps
One of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
sacrum
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
diffusion
The breast bone.
sternum
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
aorta
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.
platelets
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.
urinary system
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
vertebral column
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
cricoid cartilage
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
lymph nodes
The wavelike contradiction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.
peristalsis
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five non fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.
lumbar spine
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes.
red blood cells
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, or the heart, especially of the ventricles.
diastole
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.
dead space
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.
coccyx
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.
musculoskeletal system
A sac on the undersurface of the love that collects build from the liver and discharged it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
gallbladder
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair.
scalp
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
appendicular skeleton
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
synovial membrane
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.
oropharynx
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
inspiratory reserve volume
A come-shaped area that collects uterine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.
renal pelvis
The bones of the fingers and toes.
phalanges
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
heart
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
pleural space
The artery just behind the malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.
posterior tibial artery
