Chapter 6 - Surveys and Observations

Question 1

define survey/poll

Answer 1

method of posing questions to people via telephone, personal interviews or written questinaires

Question 2

define open-ended and forced-choice questions

Answer 2

open-ended: allow the responder to answer in any way that they would like too

forced-choice: the responder must show their opinion by picking the best of two or more options

Question 3

define the likert scale

Answer 3

a survey question format using a rating scale containing multiple response options anchored by terms with strongly agree, disagree, etc.

Question 4

define semantic differential format

Answer 4

a survey question format using a response scale whose numbers are anchored with contrasting adjectives. similiare to likert scale but just using different describing words rather than strongly agree.

Question 5

define leading questions

Answer 5

these are problematic because its wording encourages one response more than the others, therefore tweaking its construct validity

Question 6

define a double-barreled question

Answer 6

these are problematic because it asks two questions in one, weakening its construct validity

Question 7

define negatively worded questions

Answer 7

these contain negatively phrased statements, making its wording complicated or confusing and potentially tweaking its construct validity

Question 8

define response set

Answer 8

a shortcut respondents may use to answer items in a long survey, rather than responding to the content of each item.

also known as nondifferentiation

Question 9

define acquiescence

Answer 9

answering yes or strongly agree to every item in a survey/interview. also known as yea-saying

Question 10

define fence-sitting

Answer 10

playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale for every question in a survey

Question 11

define the faking good and faking bad phenomenons

Answer 11

faking good: giving answers on a survey that make one look better than one really is

faking bad: giving answers on a survey that make one look worse than one really is

Question 12

define observer bias

Answer 12

a bias that occurs when observer expectations influence the interpretation of participants’ behaviours or outcomes of the study.

behaviour is rated according to their own expectations/hypothesis

Question 13

define observer effects

Answer 13

a change in the behaviour of study participants in the direction of observers’ expectations. also known as the expectancy effect

Question 14

define masked/blind design

Answer 14

a study in which the observers are unaware of the experimental conditions to which participants have been assigned

DOUBLE BLIND

Question 15

define reactivity

Answer 15

a change in the behaviour of participants because they are aware they are being watched

Question 16

define unobtrusive observation

Answer 16

made indirectly, through physical traces of behaviour, or made by someone who is hidden or is posing as a bystander

Question 17

can observers be biases in observation research?

Answer 17

yes they may be.

to reduce:
- clearly operationalize variables to know how to observe
- have a clear coding scheme
- have multiple observers (inter-tester reliability)

Question 18

can participants be biases in observation research?

Answer 18

yes they may be. they might just want to help out the research to confirm their hypothesis and just be a good participant

to reduce:
have blind study, use deception

Question 19

what type of reliabilty is best used for observations

Answer 19

inter-rater

Question 20

what are teh two things we look at too see if a measure is good?>

Answer 20

the reliability and validity (does it measure when they truly want to)

Question 21

define construct validity

Answer 21

how well the researchers measured the variables

Question 22

what are the different kinds of formats you can have for surveys?

Answer 22

open end: can provide more detailed data, and can help to explore a topic to learn about the common response. but people might not even asmwer the question. more about learning about topic

forced choice: is super easy to analyse and is more efficient. but it cannot fully describe how someone is feeling, its very general. more about quantifying data

Question 23

what is important about the questions themselves?

Answer 23

wording!

BRUSO
Brief - not too long
Relevant
Unambiguous - not open to more interpretation
Specific
Objective

Question 24

important elements about the wording of a question

Answer 24

• avoid leading question (to impose what the right response is)
• avoid baised language, be neutral
• ask multiple question sin different ways to get consistent data
• avoid double-barreled question (asking 2 in 1)
• avoud double negative (using negative words to be confusing)
• see if the order of questions has an impact or not (early question can influence response to later ones)

Question 25

what are the ways in which people response to self-report measure?

Answer 25

non-differentiation: dont really read all the questions, just answer yes or no (reverse coding)

fence sitting: just play it safe and stay in the neutral positive the whole time (remove middle option)

social desirability: just wanting to look good (results stay annoymus)

some info is just hard to know about yourself: self-bias

relying on memories of past events: low accuracy for salient(most important) event, always reconstructing

Question 26

what is the conscientiuos responder scale

Answer 26

this si when you put in question to make sure people are really reading.

choset the first option for this question

Question 27

what are indirect measures of people submitting carelss responses?

Answer 27

response time: long time means that they are less focused
consistency indice: when does calculation, look at the consistency between questions of same construct