Chapter 1 - How Science Advances

Question 1

define evidence-based treatment

Answer 1

psychotherapy technique that is shown to be effective with support from empirical research

Question 2

how do psychologist appraoch their work?

Answer 2

• act as empiricist in investigations
• test theories with research
• follow norms in the scientific community with fairness and objectivity
• empirical approach to both applied and basic research
• make their work public

Question 3

define empiricism

Answer 3

the use of verifiable evidence as the basis for conclusions. collecting data and using it to develop/support/challenge a theory

Question 4

explain the thoery-data cycle

Answer 4

• asking particular questions
• made specific predictions
• testing the predicitions
• used the data to go back to the overall theory

Question 5

explain the cupboard theory

Answer 5

a mother is seen as a food source to a baby, and receives a overall pleasant from being fed. overtime, the mom get positive value as she is the “cupboard” from which food comes from.

Question 6

explain the contact comfort theory

Answer 6

babies are attached to their mothers becasue fo the comfort of warm and fuzzy fur

Question 7

how did they test whether contact comfort or cupboard theory was correct?

Answer 7

set up a experiemet where a monkey had a mom that was covered in a blanket but gave no food, and another mom that ave food but was just wire. data showed that the monkeys, majority of the time, craved the comfort over food, but they would still go to the other mother food food when hungry.

Question 8

define theory

Answer 8

set of statements that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another

Question 9

define data

Answer 9

set of observations representing the values of some variables, collected from one or more studies

Question 10

hypotheses are pre__________

Answer 10

preREGISTERED

meaning that the studys expected outcomes is stated before collecting any data

Question 11

define falsiability

Answer 11

a feature of a theory, in which is it possible to collect data to deny that the theory is correct

Question 12

define self-correcting

Answer 12

where scientists open up their research to be peer-reviewed in order to identifying and correct any error

Question 13

define applied research

Answer 13

the goal is to find a solution to a real-world problem

Question 14

define basic research

Answer 14

the goal is to enahnce the general body of knowledge, without having a direct application

Question 15

define translation research

Answer 15

using knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solution to real world problems (basic to applied transition)

Question 16

define empiricism

Answer 16

systemic observations that are independently verifiable by others. learning only comes from experiences and observations. knowledge is derived from sense-experience.

Question 17

what are the 5 main steps in the theory-data cycle?

Answer 17

1. Interest arise from theories
2. Develop a research question
3. create a hypothesis
4. collect and analyze data from the study
5. use to data to dive further into a new theory-data cycle

Question 18

define theory

Answer 18

statement that describes the general principles about how variables relate. (working truth) It is quite broad and can apply it to many people. multiple components and variables.

examples: paiget’s theory of cognitive development, vroom’s expectancy theory, weiner’s attribution theory, maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 19

what are the key components of a research question?

Answer 19

want to answer it through research, specific problem, open-ended. can be created from theories and your own experiences, observations, aswell as literature and past research.

Question 20

define hypothesis

Answer 20

a formal and precise statement that is used to predict the relationship between variables

ex. negotiators are less demanding when an opponent expresses anger that when an opponent expresses happiness

Question 21

can data prove a hypothesis?

Answer 21

NO! data can support or deny a hypothesis but we can never be sure that something is 100% true in order to prove it.

Question 22

what are the 3 key components of a good theory?

Answer 22

supported by data (repeated, different designs and samples), falsifiable ( when studying, able to accept or deny the theory), and parsimonious (simple, explains with a minimum number of assumptions)

Question 23

define basic research

Answer 23

used to build and enhance a general body of knowledge and not intended to address a specific problem.

Question 24

define applied research

Answer 24

used to focus on practical problems where the findings will be directly used as solutions for real world context problems

Question 25

how are peer reviewed articles good sources of information?

Answer 25

the editor sends the manuscript to 2-4 experts, which stay unknown and they provide feedback and make recommendations.

Question 26

why is going from journal to journalism so important?

Answer 26

when not done correctly, the public can be told a different meaning that the article was intended to give. the reporter needs to accurately represent the info but the scientist also needs to communicate clearly on the intent of the article.