Chapter 6 pt.2

Question 1

What is “Zoopharmacognosy”

Answer 1

when non-human animals self-medicate

Question 2

how do we group psychoactive drugs?

Answer 2

based on the primary neurotransmitter system they are known to affect

Question 3

Most psychoactive drugs have three names, what are they?

Answer 3

Chemical: describes the drugs structure
Generic
Proprietary: brand name

Question 4

What drug is caffeine similar too?

Answer 4

Adenosine, it binds to adenosine receptors without activating them, blocking adenosine (induces drowsiness)

Question 5

Caffeine inhibits an enzyme called Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP), what does this enzyme do?

Answer 5

it leads to increased glucose production, making more energy available and allowing higher rates of cellular activity

Question 6

Why is there caffeine in some plants

Answer 6

Because caffeine acts as a natural pesticide, discouraging or killing herbivorous insects

Question 8

What is the main Cholinergic drug

Answer 8

Nicotine

Question 9

What receptors does nicotine stimulate and what does this do?

Answer 9

nicotine stimulates acetylcholine nicotinic receptors (nAChr), which then indirectly cause the release of acetylcholine and several other neurotransmitters. The release of dopamine provides the reinforcing aspect.

Question 10

At low doses, GABAergic agonists reduce ________; at medium doses, they ______; at high doses, they ___________ or induce ______. At very high doses, they can ______

Answer 10

anxiety; sedate’ anesthetize or induce coma,. Kill

Question 11

Excitation of the GABAa receptor produces an influx of ____ through its pore. An influx of ____ increases the concentration of ________ _______ in the cell membrane

Answer 11

CI-, CI-, negative charges

Question 12

GABA produces its inhibitory effect by decreasing what?

Answer 12

the neurons firing rate

Question 13

What are Benzodiazepines?

Answer 13

a class of chemicals that are medically prescribed to reduce anxiety, and are used by people who are having trouble coping with physical or mental stress

Question 14

Why shouldn’t alcohol and benzodiazepine be consumed together?

Answer 14

because they activate the same receptor, with can promote a big influx of CI-

Question 15

What is cross-tolerance?

Answer 15

when the tolerance for one drug is carries over to a different member of the drug group

Question 16

What substance regulate brain development

Answer 16

GABA

Question 17

One receptor of the Glutamatergic system is NMDA, which have two antagonists. What are they?

Answer 17

Phencyclidine (PCP) and Ketamine (Special K)

Question 18

PCP and Ketamine are known as dissociative anesthetics, why?

Answer 18

because they produce feelings of detachment and dissociation from the environment and self

Question 19

ketamine is currently prescribed for what?

Answer 19

maintaining anesthesia, and for having antidepressant effects (for people who dont respond to the standard treatments)

Question 20

What are the most common dopaminergic agonists

Answer 20

Cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine

Question 21

How is amphetamine different then cocaine

Answer 21

cocaine blocks the dopamine reuptake transporter, but amphetamine reverses the transporter that packages dopamine, freeing the dopamine

Question 22

Amphetamine-based drugs are prescribed to treat what disorder?

Answer 22

ADHD

Question 23

The recreational dosage of amphetamine and methylphenidate is about ___ times higher than the medically prescribed dosage

Answer 23

50

Question 24

What does the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia say?

Answer 24

that some forms of schizophrenia may be related to excessive dopamine activity, especially in the frontal lobes
(dopamine antagonists would then help with schizophrenia

Question 25

FGAs are first generation antipsychotics. that include phenothiazines and butyrophenones.
How exactly do FGA’s work?

Answer 25

It blocks the Dopamine D2 receptor, which immediately reduces motor activity

Question 26

SGAs are second-generation antipsychotics, how do these differ from FGA’s

Answer 26

they block dopamine D2 receptors AND Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors.

Question 27

What is Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)

Answer 27

a movement disorder that results in involuntary, repetitive body movements such as grimacing, sticking out the tongue, or smacking the lips, as well as rapid jerking movements or slow writhing movements

Question 28

What are Serotonergic agonists known for?

Answer 28

altering perceptions of ones surroundings, feelings, sensations, and images (producing “trips”)

Question 29

What three serotonergic agonist drugs are prescribed for depression

Answer 29

MOA inhibitors
Tricylics
SSRI’s

Question 30

what are some properties of opioids

Answer 30

sleep-inducing and pain-relieving effects

Question 31

Where does opium come from?

Answer 31

the opium poppy

Question 32

what is a competitive inhibitor?

Answer 32

a drug that competes with another drug for a receptor site

Question 33

what drug is a competitive inhibitor for opioids

Answer 33

naloxone