Chapter 6 pt.2 Flashcards
What is “Zoopharmacognosy”
when non-human animals self-medicate
how do we group psychoactive drugs?
based on the primary neurotransmitter system they are known to affect
Most psychoactive drugs have three names, what are they?
Chemical: describes the drugs structure
Generic
Proprietary: brand name
What drug is caffeine similar too?
Adenosine, it binds to adenosine receptors without activating them, blocking adenosine (induces drowsiness)
Caffeine inhibits an enzyme called Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP), what does this enzyme do?
it leads to increased glucose production, making more energy available and allowing higher rates of cellular activity
Why is there caffeine in some plants
Because caffeine acts as a natural pesticide, discouraging or killing herbivorous insects
What is the main Cholinergic drug
Nicotine
What receptors does nicotine stimulate and what does this do?
nicotine stimulates acetylcholine nicotinic receptors (nAChr), which then indirectly cause the release of acetylcholine and several other neurotransmitters. The release of dopamine provides the reinforcing aspect.
At low doses, GABAergic agonists reduce ________; at medium doses, they ______; at high doses, they ___________ or induce ______. At very high doses, they can ______
anxiety; sedate’ anesthetize or induce coma,. Kill
Excitation of the GABAa receptor produces an influx of ____ through its pore. An influx of ____ increases the concentration of ________ _______ in the cell membrane
CI-, CI-, negative charges
GABA produces its inhibitory effect by decreasing what?
the neurons firing rate
What are Benzodiazepines?
a class of chemicals that are medically prescribed to reduce anxiety, and are used by people who are having trouble coping with physical or mental stress
Why shouldn’t alcohol and benzodiazepine be consumed together?
because they activate the same receptor, with can promote a big influx of CI-
What is cross-tolerance?
when the tolerance for one drug is carries over to a different member of the drug group
What substance regulate brain development
GABA
One receptor of the Glutamatergic system is NMDA, which have two antagonists. What are they?
Phencyclidine (PCP) and Ketamine (Special K)
PCP and Ketamine are known as dissociative anesthetics, why?
because they produce feelings of detachment and dissociation from the environment and self
ketamine is currently prescribed for what?
maintaining anesthesia, and for having antidepressant effects (for people who dont respond to the standard treatments)
What are the most common dopaminergic agonists
Cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine
How is amphetamine different then cocaine
cocaine blocks the dopamine reuptake transporter, but amphetamine reverses the transporter that packages dopamine, freeing the dopamine
Amphetamine-based drugs are prescribed to treat what disorder?
ADHD
The recreational dosage of amphetamine and methylphenidate is about ___ times higher than the medically prescribed dosage
50
What does the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia say?
that some forms of schizophrenia may be related to excessive dopamine activity, especially in the frontal lobes
(dopamine antagonists would then help with schizophrenia
FGAs are first generation antipsychotics. that include phenothiazines and butyrophenones.
How exactly do FGA’s work?
It blocks the Dopamine D2 receptor, which immediately reduces motor activity
SGAs are second-generation antipsychotics, how do these differ from FGA’s
they block dopamine D2 receptors AND Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors.
What is Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)
a movement disorder that results in involuntary, repetitive body movements such as grimacing, sticking out the tongue, or smacking the lips, as well as rapid jerking movements or slow writhing movements
What are Serotonergic agonists known for?
altering perceptions of ones surroundings, feelings, sensations, and images (producing “trips”)
What three serotonergic agonist drugs are prescribed for depression
MOA inhibitors
Tricylics
SSRI’s
what are some properties of opioids
sleep-inducing and pain-relieving effects
Where does opium come from?
the opium poppy
what is a competitive inhibitor?
a drug that competes with another drug for a receptor site
what drug is a competitive inhibitor for opioids
naloxone
