Chapter 5 pt.4 Flashcards
The amine transmitter Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid _________
L-tryptophan
What does Serotonin help with? (its functions)
It regulates mood and aggression, appetite and arousal, respiration and pain perception
Which two transmitters are considered the workhorses of the brain because so many synapses use them?
Glutamate (Glu) and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
In the forebrain and cerebellum, __________ is the main excitatory transmitter and _________ is the main inhibitory transmitter
Glutamate, GABA
_________ (Gly) is a much more common inhibitory transmitter in the brainstem and spinal chord, where it acts within the renshaw loop
glycine
_______________ are multifunctional chains of amino acids that act as neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides (peptide transmitters)
How are neuropeptides synthesized
they are synthesized through the translation of mRNA from instructions contained in the neurons DNA
In some neurons, peptide transmitters are made in the axon terminal, but most of them are assembled where?
on the neurons ribosomes
The entire process of neuropeptide synthesis and transport is ______ compared with nearly ready-made small molecule neurotransmitters
slow
What system do neuropeptides perform an enormous range of functions?
The Nervous System
What are Endocannabinoids?
a lipid transmitter that’s synthesized at the postsynaptic membrane to act on receptors at the presynaptic membrane
Because endocannabinoids are lipophilic (fat-loving), they are NOT soluble in ______ and are NOT stored in __________
Water; Vesicles
Which receptor is the target of all cannabinoids
CB1
Phytocannabinoids are obtained from which two help plants?
Cannabis sativa and cannabis indica
How are gaseous transmitters synthesized?
They are synthesized on demand by the cell and diffuses away, crossing the cell membrane and immediately becoming active (they aren’t stored)
Which two gaseous transmitters activate metabolic processes in cells
Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)
Which gas prevents oxygen from binding in the mitochondria, thereby slowing down metabolism
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Which two gaseous transmitters control the intestinal wall muscles and dilate blood vessels in active brain regions and sexual organs
NO and H2S
Which neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimers disease
Zinc
Which receptor allows Ions such as Na+, K+ Cl- and Ca2+ to move across a membrane
Ionotropic receptors
An inotropic receptor has two parts, what are they.
1) a binding site for a neurotransmitter
2) a pore/channel
What happens when a neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site of a receptor
The receptor quickly changes shape, either opening the pore and allowing ions to flow in, or closing the pore, blocking ion flow
Ionotropic receptors are usually _______ and trigger action potential
excitatory
A Metabotropic receptor has a binding site dor a neurotransmitter but lacks its own _____ through which ions can flow
Pore
Each metabotropic receptor is coupled to one of a fault of gunnel nucleotide-binding proteins. What do we can these proteins in short
G proteins
A G-protein consists of 3 subunits, what are they
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
What G protein subunit detaches when a neurotransmitter binds to the G proteins associated metabotropic receptor
Alpha
What is an Amplification Cascade
When a metabotropic receptor activates multiple proteins
What is something that some metabotropic receptors contain that activates DNA
Enzymes
Where are most peptide neurotransmitters synthesized
Ribosomes
What condition of people have if they take L-Dopa, and what is a side effect for L-Dopa
Parkinson disease
Dyskinesias (involuntary movements)
Glycine plays a role in what part of the brain?
The brainstem
