Chapter 5 pt.5 Flashcards
What are the three peripheral nervous system divisions
Somatic, Autonomic, and enteric
Motor neurons in the brain and spinal chord send their axons to the bodies __________ _________
Skeletal Muscles
Why are Motor Neurons also called Cholinergic Neurons
Because acetylcholine is their main neurotransmitter
At skeletal muscle, cholinergic neutrons are __________, producing muscular contractions
Excitatory
What happens when EACh binds to Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChr)
Its pore opens to permit ion flow, depolarizing the muscle fibre
Why is the molecular structure of nicotine similar to EACh
because nicotine acts as a ,mimic, fitting into acetylcholine’s receptors binding sites
What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What does the Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the Autonomic nervous system do for the body?
Sympathetic = rouses the body for action, producing flight or fight (contains norepinephrine)
Parasympathetic = calms the body down (contains acetylcholine)
How do pre ganglion cholinergic neurons play a role in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
When these neurons are in the synapse with sympathetic post ganglion NE neurons, they prepare the bodies organs for flight or flight
And when these neurons are in the synapse with parasympathetic post ganglion ACh neurons, it prepares the body for rest and digest
During sympathetic arousal, _____________ turns up the heart rate and turns down the digestive functions because ___ receptors on the heart are excitatory. And _____________ does the opposite
Norepinephrine; NE
Why is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) called the “second brain”
Because it can act without input from the CNS
Sensory ENS neurons detect both mechanical and chemical conditions in the ________________ system
Gastrointestinal System
Motor neurons in the ENS control the mixing of __________ contents.
_________ of digestive enzymes is also under ENS control
Intestinal; Secretion
What are the 4 neural activating systems
cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic.
What are some characteristics of the Cholinergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?
- maintains attention and memory
- death of cholinergic neurons are related to Alzheimers disease
- associated with acetylcholine
The Dopaminergic system has two distinct pathways, what are they?
The Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System and the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic system
What are some characteristics of the Dopaminergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?
Nigrostriatal:
- controls motor behaviour
- loss of DA causes muscle righty and Parkinson’s disease
Mesolimbic:
- increases of Da leads to schizophrenia and decreases leads to attention deficits.
-most affected by drugs and behavioural addictions
Associated with Dopamine
What are some characteristics of the Noradrenergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?
- maintains emotions
- an increase of NE is related to mania
- a decrease of NE is related to depression and ADHD
Associated with Norepinephrine
What are some characteristics of the Serotonergic system, and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?
- changes in serotonin activity is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, and schizophrenia, sleep apnea, and SIDS
- decrease of serotonin is related to depression
Associated with Serotonin
What are Neuromodulators?
Neurotransmitters that alter the firing and synaptic characteristics of other neurons
How are hormones secreted?
by glands in the body and brain
The hypothalamus produces _____________ that stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete releasing hormones into the ___________ system.
These pituitary hormones in turn influence the remaining endocrine glands to release appropriate hormones into the ____________
neurohormones; circulatory
bloodstream
Almost every neuron in the brain contains receptors on which various hormones can act. Hormones affect ________________ function, especially in neurons that influence _________ development and _________
neurotransmitter; sexual; behaviour
What are Peptide hormones?
hormones made by cellular DNA, that influence their target cells activity by binding to metabotropic receptors
- insulin, growth hormone, endorphins
What are Amino Acid hormones?
Hormones derived from amino acids that are released by the pineal gland at night, and is associated with the sleep-wake cycle
- thyroxine, melatonin
What are Lipid hormones
water hating and fat loving hormones that inhibit blood clots, regulate blood flow, and promote/counteract inflammation.
What are Steroid hormones?
synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid soluble, they act on cellular DNA to I fluency gene transcription
- testosterone, cortisol
What are Hoemostatic Hormones?
Maintain metabolic balance
- mineralcorticoids control concentration of water and blood cells and the levels of minerals
- ghrelin, leptin, insulin
What are Gondal (sex) hormones?
control reproductive functions, mother-infant bonding, etc.
- oxytocin
What are Glucocorticoids?
steroid hormones secreted in times of stress.
what disorder is caused by a failure of the pancreatic cells to secrete any or enough insulin. As a result, blood sugars can rise (hyperglycemia) or fall (hypoglycemia)
Diabetes mellitus
What are Anabolic Steroids
synthetic hormones related to testosterone and muscle building
What plays an important role in ending the stress response
The hippocampus
