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NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) > Chapter 6: Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Flashcards

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1
Q

The effects of aerobic exercise are regulated by these three things

A

intensity
duration
frequency

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2
Q

The most important variable in regulating the effects of aerobic exercise

A

intensity

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3
Q

These two things lead to an increase in heart rate, leading to an increase in overall blood flow

A

increased sympathetic NS stimulation

decreased parasympathetic NS stimulation

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4
Q

Cardiac output (Q) =

A

HR x SV

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5
Q

stroke volume has been shown to increase to maximal levels at this range of Vo2max and plateau long before exhaustion

A

40-60%

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6
Q

as more blood enters the heart it causes it to stretch more, resulting in an increase in elastic contractile force that is independent of the neural and humoral factors

A

frank-starling mechanism

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7
Q

This increases proportionally to the volume of blood filling the heart

A

stroke volume

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8
Q

The 50-60% decrease in TPR during increasing intensity aerobic exercise is due to this

A

vasodilation

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9
Q

During endurance exercise there is a linear increase in this that is directly proportional to the exercise intensity, and cardiac output, and a negligible change in this (2)

A

SBP

DBP

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10
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure =

A

Q x TPR

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11
Q

This portion of blood in the circulation decreases during exercise

A

plasma

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12
Q

the proportion of this increases in the blood during exercise, even though the number does not increase

A

hematocrit

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13
Q

This is an indication of how much oxygen the heart needs

A

Rate Pressure Product

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14
Q

cardia output, HR, SV, MAP, coronary artery diameter, and RPP do this during exercise

A

Increase

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15
Q

Ve (minute ventilation) =

A

BR x tidal volume

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16
Q

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in one minute

A

Ve (minute ventilation)

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17
Q

RQ or RER =

A

VCO2/VO2

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18
Q

RQ around rest is

A

0.82 (60% fat, 40% carb)

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19
Q

RQ and RER represent this

A

the proportion of fat to carbohydrate utilized for cellular respiration

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20
Q

This is sometimes used as a criterion measure as evidence of an individuals attaining VO2max during a progressive exercise test

A

RER greater than 1

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21
Q

Ventilation, BR, TV, RER, and RQ do this during exercise

A

increase

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22
Q

The difference in the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood vs the venous blood is known as

A

ateriovenous oxygen difference

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23
Q

This represents the extent to which oxygen is removed from the blood as it passes thorugh the body

A

a-vO2 difference

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24
Q

resting a-vO2 difference is approximately

A

6mlO2/100ml blood

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25
Q

This occurs to the a-vO2 difference as exercise intensity increases

A

increases linearly

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26
Q

the volume of oxygen consumed is determined as teh product of Q and a-vO2 difference and is know as this

A

Fick equation

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27
Q

VO2 =

A

Q x a-vO2 difference

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28
Q

These facilitate cardiovascular responses to enhance the delivery of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of waste products

A

catecholamines

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29
Q

Three major glands of concern with regards to aerobic exercise include

A

pancreas
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla

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30
Q

T/F: During exercise, insulin plasma concentration decreases while there is improved insulin sensitivity, and increased activation of non-insulin-mediated glucose transport into cells

A

T

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31
Q

Due to the increase in glucagon and decrease in insulin concentration during exercise, this fuel source is utilized during acute exercise

A

plasma fatty acids

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32
Q

This is the only substance released from the adrenal cortex that plays a direct role in metabolism

A

cortisol

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33
Q

This hormone is responsible for stimulating the conversion of proteins to be used by aerobic systems and in glycolysis

A

cortisol

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34
Q

This hormone is used to maintain normal blood sugar levels, and promotes the use of fats

A

cortisol

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35
Q

This affects the level of cortisol secretion

A

exercise intensity

36
Q

This intensity level decreases cortisol levels

A

low intensity

37
Q

this intensity level increases cortisol levels

A

medium to high intensity

38
Q

This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary, and assits in making more fat and carbs available in the plasma for the increased metabolism seen during exercise

A

Growth Hormone

39
Q

Two catecholamines

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

40
Q

catecholamines are secreted by this organ

A

adrenal medulla

41
Q

This NS stimulates the release of the catecholamines

A

sympathetic during stressful situations

42
Q

These hormones help the body deliever blood and oxygen to the working muscles by increasing HR and blood pressure

A

catecholamines

43
Q

during exercise of increasing intensity levels of these hormones increase

A 
glucagon
epinephrine
norepinephrine
corisol
growth hormone
44
Q

during exercise of increasing intensity levels of these hormones decrease

A

insulin

45
Q

T/F: Similar hormonal responses are seen in long duration moderate intensity exercise as exercise of progressively increasing intensity

A

T

46
Q

The bodies maximal aerobic power is dependent on this

A

the bodies ability to deliver and use oxygen

47
Q

Hallmark adaptation of chronic aerobic training is an increase in CO due primarily to this

A

increase in SV

48
Q

T/F: maximal heart rate is increased by aerobic endurance training

A

F, it may even be slightly decreased

49
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: HR

A

Decrease
Decrease
no change or slight decrease

50
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: SV

A

Increase
Increase
Increase

51
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: CO

A

no change
no change, or slight decrease
increase

52
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: SBP

A

Decrease
Decrease
Little or no change

53
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: DBP

A

Decrease
Decrease
Little or no change

54
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: Pulmonary ventilation

A

No change
Decrease
Increase

55
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: oxygen consumption

A

no change
no change or slight decrease
Increase

56
Q

Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: a-vO2 difference

A

no change
no change or slight increase
increase

57
Q

a training induced reduction in HR has been shown to occur in 2-10 weeks depending on training intensity, duration, and frequency. This response is believed to be caused by these three things

A

increased parasympathetic influence
decreased sympathetic influence
lower intrinsic HR

58
Q

Increased left ventricular volume, increased ventricular filling time resulting from bradycardia, and improved cardiac contractile function are major factors accounting for htis

A

chronic stroke volume increases

59
Q

T/F: aerobic exercise training induces a very rapid increase in plasma volume, and red blood cell volume

A

F, while there is a very rapid increase in plasma volume, RBC volume increases take a few weeks

60
Q

Aerobic training has been shown to lower SBP/DBP by this much in normal individuals, and this much in hypertensive individuals

A

3/2 mmHg

7/6 mmHg

61
Q

In trained peripheral skeletal muscle, prolonged aerobic training leads to this per unit of muscle

A

increased capillary density

62
Q

T/F: for a great majority of health adults, the respiratory system can be a limiting factor for performing maximal exercise

A

F

63
Q

With aerobic endurance training adaptations during submaximal exercise generally included this to tidal volume and this to BR, while maximal exercise both tidal volume and BR increase

A

Increase

Decrease

64
Q

This is the oxygen cost of breating at moderate intensity aerobic exercise

A

3-5%

65
Q

this is the oxygen cost of breathing at VO2max

A

8-10%

66
Q

This occurs to ventilatory efficiency with aerobic endurance training

A

improves

67
Q

T/F: specificity in respiratory training adaptations also occur through the comparison of arm and leg aerobic training

A

T

68
Q

T/F: cross-sectional area of all types of muscle fiber increase with aerobic endurance training

A

F, no change

69
Q

In skeletal muscle, aerobic endurance training induces three major changes that directly relate to enhanced endurance performance

A

increase in capillary density
increase in mitochondrial density
enhancement in oxidative enzyme activity

70
Q

aerobic endurance training has been shown to incrase muscle myoglobin stores by up to this %

A

80%

71
Q

The major metabolic adapations to aerobic endruance training are 4

A

increased reliance on fat as a fuel source
reduced reliance on carbs as a fuel source
increase in LT
increase in VO2max

72
Q

two likely reasons for the increase in the LT at submaximal exercise levels

A

reduced lactate production

increased rate of lactate removal

73
Q

most people can see an increase of this much in their VO2max after 12 months of training

A

10-30%

74
Q

aerobic endurance training generally leads to this type of response in hormone release at the same absolute level of submax exercise

A

blunted

75
Q

Aerobic endurance training cause plasma insulin levels to do this in a train person during submaximal exercise

A

decrease less

76
Q

T/F: an acute bout of moderate or intense exercise improves insulin sensitivity and decreases plasma glucose levels in persons with type 2 diabetes

A

T

77
Q

The favorable effects of aerobic endurance training on persons with type 2 diabetes usually deteriorate within this time frame

A

72 hours of the last exercise session

78
Q

T/F: walking provides enough loading force to prevent osteoporosis

A

F, jogging or higher impact

79
Q

aerobic activity of less than 150 minutes per week provides this type of response to weight loss

A

minimal

80
Q

aerobic activity of greater than 150 minutes per week provides this type of weight loss

A

moderate

81
Q

A benefit of aerobic endurance training regarding body composition is that it induces reductions in this, while having a minimal effect on this

A

fat mass

FFM

82
Q

Genetic factors account for this percent difference in maximal aerobic capacity, and this percent difference in maximal heart rate among individuals

A

20-30%

50%

83
Q

T/F: woman show the same absolute adaptations to aerobic endurance training as do men

A

F, they have the same relative adaptations

84
Q

T/F: woman reach their highest values of VO2 max after men

A

F, women 12-15 YO, men 17-21 YO

85
Q

short-term training, without sufficient recuperation, that exceeds an individuals capacity.

A

over reacing

86
Q

Aerobic endurance overtraining results predominantly from this, and is this NS dominant

A

excessive load

parasympathetic dominant

87
Q

anaerobic or resistance training primarily results from excessive this, and is this NS dominant

A

excessive high-intensity overload

sympathetic

NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) (8 decks)

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