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NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) > Chapter 6: Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Flashcards

1
Q

The effects of aerobic exercise are regulated by these three things

A

intensity
duration
frequency

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2
Q

The most important variable in regulating the effects of aerobic exercise

A

intensity

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3
Q

These two things lead to an increase in heart rate, leading to an increase in overall blood flow

A

increased sympathetic NS stimulation

decreased parasympathetic NS stimulation

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4
Q

Cardiac output (Q) =

A

HR x SV

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5
Q

stroke volume has been shown to increase to maximal levels at this range of Vo2max and plateau long before exhaustion

A

40-60%

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6
Q

as more blood enters the heart it causes it to stretch more, resulting in an increase in elastic contractile force that is independent of the neural and humoral factors

A

frank-starling mechanism

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7
Q

This increases proportionally to the volume of blood filling the heart

A

stroke volume

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8
Q

The 50-60% decrease in TPR during increasing intensity aerobic exercise is due to this

A

vasodilation

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9
Q

During endurance exercise there is a linear increase in this that is directly proportional to the exercise intensity, and cardiac output, and a negligible change in this (2)

A

SBP

DBP

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10
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure =

A

Q x TPR

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11
Q

This portion of blood in the circulation decreases during exercise

A

plasma

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12
Q

the proportion of this increases in the blood during exercise, even though the number does not increase

A

hematocrit

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13
Q

This is an indication of how much oxygen the heart needs

A

Rate Pressure Product

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14
Q

cardia output, HR, SV, MAP, coronary artery diameter, and RPP do this during exercise

A

Increase

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15
Q

Ve (minute ventilation) =

A

BR x tidal volume

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16
Q

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in one minute

A

Ve (minute ventilation)

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17
Q

RQ or RER =

A

VCO2/VO2

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18
Q

RQ around rest is

A

0.82 (60% fat, 40% carb)

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19
Q

RQ and RER represent this

A

the proportion of fat to carbohydrate utilized for cellular respiration

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20
Q

This is sometimes used as a criterion measure as evidence of an individuals attaining VO2max during a progressive exercise test

A

RER greater than 1

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21
Q

Ventilation, BR, TV, RER, and RQ do this during exercise

A

increase

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22
Q

The difference in the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood vs the venous blood is known as

A

ateriovenous oxygen difference

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23
Q

This represents the extent to which oxygen is removed from the blood as it passes thorugh the body

A

a-vO2 difference

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24
Q

resting a-vO2 difference is approximately

A

6mlO2/100ml blood

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25
This occurs to the a-vO2 difference as exercise intensity increases
increases linearly
26
the volume of oxygen consumed is determined as teh product of Q and a-vO2 difference and is know as this
Fick equation
27
VO2 =
Q x a-vO2 difference
28
These facilitate cardiovascular responses to enhance the delivery of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of waste products
catecholamines
29
Three major glands of concern with regards to aerobic exercise include
pancreas adrenal cortex adrenal medulla
30
T/F: During exercise, insulin plasma concentration decreases while there is improved insulin sensitivity, and increased activation of non-insulin-mediated glucose transport into cells
T
31
Due to the increase in glucagon and decrease in insulin concentration during exercise, this fuel source is utilized during acute exercise
plasma fatty acids
32
This is the only substance released from the adrenal cortex that plays a direct role in metabolism
cortisol
33
This hormone is responsible for stimulating the conversion of proteins to be used by aerobic systems and in glycolysis
cortisol
34
This hormone is used to maintain normal blood sugar levels, and promotes the use of fats
cortisol
35
This affects the level of cortisol secretion
exercise intensity
36
This intensity level decreases cortisol levels
low intensity
37
this intensity level increases cortisol levels
medium to high intensity
38
This hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary, and assits in making more fat and carbs available in the plasma for the increased metabolism seen during exercise
Growth Hormone
39
Two catecholamines
epinephrine | norepinephrine
40
catecholamines are secreted by this organ
adrenal medulla
41
This NS stimulates the release of the catecholamines
sympathetic during stressful situations
42
These hormones help the body deliever blood and oxygen to the working muscles by increasing HR and blood pressure
catecholamines
43
during exercise of increasing intensity levels of these hormones increase
``` glucagon epinephrine norepinephrine corisol growth hormone ```
44
during exercise of increasing intensity levels of these hormones decrease
insulin
45
T/F: Similar hormonal responses are seen in long duration moderate intensity exercise as exercise of progressively increasing intensity
T
46
The bodies maximal aerobic power is dependent on this
the bodies ability to deliver and use oxygen
47
Hallmark adaptation of chronic aerobic training is an increase in CO due primarily to this
increase in SV
48
T/F: maximal heart rate is increased by aerobic endurance training
F, it may even be slightly decreased
49
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: HR
Decrease Decrease no change or slight decrease
50
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: SV
Increase Increase Increase
51
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: CO
no change no change, or slight decrease increase
52
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: SBP
Decrease Decrease Little or no change
53
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: DBP
Decrease Decrease Little or no change
54
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: Pulmonary ventilation
No change Decrease Increase
55
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: oxygen consumption
no change no change or slight decrease Increase
56
Effect of chronic cardiorespiratory and metabolic adapations at rest, fixed submaximal, and maximal exercise on: a-vO2 difference
no change no change or slight increase increase
57
a training induced reduction in HR has been shown to occur in 2-10 weeks depending on training intensity, duration, and frequency. This response is believed to be caused by these three things
increased parasympathetic influence decreased sympathetic influence lower intrinsic HR
58
Increased left ventricular volume, increased ventricular filling time resulting from bradycardia, and improved cardiac contractile function are major factors accounting for htis
chronic stroke volume increases
59
T/F: aerobic exercise training induces a very rapid increase in plasma volume, and red blood cell volume
F, while there is a very rapid increase in plasma volume, RBC volume increases take a few weeks
60
Aerobic training has been shown to lower SBP/DBP by this much in normal individuals, and this much in hypertensive individuals
3/2 mmHg | 7/6 mmHg
61
In trained peripheral skeletal muscle, prolonged aerobic training leads to this per unit of muscle
increased capillary density
62
T/F: for a great majority of health adults, the respiratory system can be a limiting factor for performing maximal exercise
F
63
With aerobic endurance training adaptations during submaximal exercise generally included this to tidal volume and this to BR, while maximal exercise both tidal volume and BR increase
Increase | Decrease
64
This is the oxygen cost of breating at moderate intensity aerobic exercise
3-5%
65
this is the oxygen cost of breathing at VO2max
8-10%
66
This occurs to ventilatory efficiency with aerobic endurance training
improves
67
T/F: specificity in respiratory training adaptations also occur through the comparison of arm and leg aerobic training
T
68
T/F: cross-sectional area of all types of muscle fiber increase with aerobic endurance training
F, no change
69
In skeletal muscle, aerobic endurance training induces three major changes that directly relate to enhanced endurance performance
increase in capillary density increase in mitochondrial density enhancement in oxidative enzyme activity
70
aerobic endurance training has been shown to incrase muscle myoglobin stores by up to this %
80%
71
The major metabolic adapations to aerobic endruance training are 4
increased reliance on fat as a fuel source reduced reliance on carbs as a fuel source increase in LT increase in VO2max
72
two likely reasons for the increase in the LT at submaximal exercise levels
reduced lactate production | increased rate of lactate removal
73
most people can see an increase of this much in their VO2max after 12 months of training
10-30%
74
aerobic endurance training generally leads to this type of response in hormone release at the same absolute level of submax exercise
blunted
75
Aerobic endurance training cause plasma insulin levels to do this in a train person during submaximal exercise
decrease less
76
T/F: an acute bout of moderate or intense exercise improves insulin sensitivity and decreases plasma glucose levels in persons with type 2 diabetes
T
77
The favorable effects of aerobic endurance training on persons with type 2 diabetes usually deteriorate within this time frame
72 hours of the last exercise session
78
T/F: walking provides enough loading force to prevent osteoporosis
F, jogging or higher impact
79
aerobic activity of less than 150 minutes per week provides this type of response to weight loss
minimal
80
aerobic activity of greater than 150 minutes per week provides this type of weight loss
moderate
81
A benefit of aerobic endurance training regarding body composition is that it induces reductions in this, while having a minimal effect on this
fat mass | FFM
82
Genetic factors account for this percent difference in maximal aerobic capacity, and this percent difference in maximal heart rate among individuals
20-30% | 50%
83
T/F: woman show the same absolute adaptations to aerobic endurance training as do men
F, they have the same relative adaptations
84
T/F: woman reach their highest values of VO2 max after men
F, women 12-15 YO, men 17-21 YO
85
short-term training, without sufficient recuperation, that exceeds an individuals capacity.
over reacing
86
Aerobic endurance overtraining results predominantly from this, and is this NS dominant
excessive load | parasympathetic dominant
87
anaerobic or resistance training primarily results from excessive this, and is this NS dominant
excessive high-intensity overload | sympathetic

NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) (8 decks)

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