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NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) > Chapter 1: Structure and Function of the Muscular, Nervous, and Skeletal Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Structure and Function of the Muscular, Nervous, and Skeletal Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a later of connective tissue called

A

epimysium

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2
Q

bundles of muscle fibers

A

fascicles

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3
Q

connective tissue forming fascicles

A

perimysium

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4
Q

connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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5
Q

These help transmit the force of muscle action to the bone

A

connective tissue (epi, peri, endo-mysium)

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6
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

A

sacrolemma

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7
Q

electrical impulses to the MF

A

action potentials

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8
Q

cytoplasm of the MF

A

sacroplasm

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9
Q

organelle that stores aclcium and regulates the muscle action process by altering the inracellular calcium concentration

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

channels that form openings in the sacrolemma, and conduct AP

A

transverse tubules

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11
Q

column of protein structures that run parallel to the length of the muscle fiber

A

myofibrils

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12
Q

each myofibril is a budle of these

A

myofilaments

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13
Q

two primary myofilaments

A

myosin (thick)

actin (thin)

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14
Q

this protein acts to maintain the position of the myosin filament relative to actin

A

titan

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15
Q

two regulatory proteins associated with actin

A

tropomyosin

troponin

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16
Q

spans the length of 7 G-actin proteins along the length of the actin filament

A

tropomyosin

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17
Q

each end of the tropomyosin filament is attached to this

A

troponin

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18
Q

this protein acts to ensure the correct length of the actin filaments

A

nebulin

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19
Q

basic contractile unit of the muscle

A

sacromere

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20
Q

The sarcomere extends from here to here

A

z-line to z-line

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21
Q

This is determined by the width of the myosin filament

A

A-band (dark band)

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22
Q

Actin filaments are anchored here

A

z-line

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23
Q

the area of the a band that contains myosin by not actin

A

H-zone

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24
Q

this middle of the H-zone is a dark line called the

A

M-line

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25
Q

this helps align adjacent myosin filaments

A

M-line

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26
Q

this section is composed of only actin, and crosses two sarcomeres

A

I-band (light band)

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27
Q

communication between the nervous and muscle systems occurs here

A

neuromuscular junction

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28
Q

the specialized region on the muscle cell membrane at the NMJ

A

motor endplate

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29
Q

enzyme responsible for spliting the fresh ATP and re-energizing the myosin head during the sliding filament theory

A

adenosine triphosphatase

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30
Q

according to this theory, a muscle shortens or lengthens because the actin and myosin filaments slide past eachother without the filaments themselves changing length

A

sliding filament theory

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31
Q

if the amount of force produced by a muscle is greater than the external resistance this occurs

A

concentric muscle action

32
Q

if the amount of force produced by a muscle is less than the external resistance this occurs

A

Eccentric muscle action

33
Q

if the amount of force produced by a muscle is equal to the external resistance this occurs

A

isometric muscle action

34
Q

discomfort for 24-48 hours after beginning an exercise program or performing novel exercises

A

DOMS

35
Q

DOMES is thought to be caused by

A

eccentric muscle action, and the associated damage

36
Q

Best cure for DOMS pain

A

exercise

37
Q

biochemcial property of muscle fibers to produce ATP aerobically

A

oxidative capacity

38
Q

substance which delivers oxygen from muscle cells membrane to the mitochondria

A

myoglobin

39
Q

difference in fibers in the amount of force they produce relative to size (CSA)

A

specific tension

40
Q

Fibers with high oxidative capacity, fatigue resistant, and contract/relax slowly

A

type 1, SO, slow-twitch

41
Q

Fibers with fast twitch, large and powerful, with moderate to high anaerobic metabolic capability

A

Type IIa, FOG

Type IIx, FG

42
Q

Two major portions of the nervous system

A

CNS

PNS

43
Q

Sensory information flows this way

A

from the body to the PNS, to the CNS

44
Q

Motor information flows this way

A

from the CNS to the PNS to the body

45
Q

two divisions of the motor division of the NS

A

Autonomic

somatic

46
Q

NS under voluntary control

A

somatic NS

47
Q

NS under involuntary control

A

autonomic NS

48
Q

Two branches of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

49
Q

Fight or Flight NS

A

sympathetic

50
Q

rest and digest NS

A

parasympathetic

51
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to the muscles

A

motor neurons or efferent neurons

52
Q

neurons responsible for conducting impules from the periphery toward the CNS

A

sensory or afferent neurons

53
Q

neuron which is thicker in the middle and tapered at either end

A

muscle spindle

54
Q

intrafusal fiber

A

muscle spindle

55
Q

normal MF that muscle spindles lay parallel to

A

extrafusal fibers

56
Q

This is the reflex that is initiated by the muscle spindle stretching

A

myotatic or stretch reflex

57
Q

the myotatic or stretch reflex causes this in the muscle being stretched

A

contraction

58
Q

this is located at the function of the muscle and the tendon that attaches the muscle to the bone

A

Golgi tendon organ

59
Q

This occurs when the GTO is deformed by stretching

A

the acting muscle is relaxed and the antagonist muscle is stimulated

60
Q

the motor neuron and the MF it innervates are known as

A

motor units

61
Q

all fibers of a single motor unit are this

A

the same MF type

62
Q

method of increasing force production in the muscle that leads to more motor units being recruited

A

Recruitment

63
Q

method of increaseing force production in a muscle by increasing the firing rate of motor units already activated

A

Rate Coding

64
Q

The size principle of motor unit recruitiment states this

A

the first motor units recruited are smaller type 1 MU, followed by type IIa, then type IIx
This is because the larger motor units have a higher threshold that must be reached before they are activated

65
Q

two portions of the skeleton

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

66
Q

this are bone destorying cells

A

osteoclasts

67
Q

these are bone building cells

A

osteoblasts

68
Q

hard dense bone found in the outer layer of shafts of long bones

A

cortical bone

69
Q

spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

70
Q

to important minerals that help from the bodies bones

A

calcium and phosphorus

71
Q

“porous bones”

A

osteoporosis

72
Q

These activities increase the health/density of bone

A

weight bearing and resistance training exercises

73
Q

connect bone to muscle

A

tendon

74
Q

connect bone to bone

A

ligament

75
Q

tendons are fromed of this primarily

A

inelastic protien, collagen

76
Q

ligaments are also formed of collagen and this protein

A

elastin

NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) (8 decks)

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