Chapter 4: Biomechanics

Question 1

study of how body systems cooperate to perform certain tasks

Answer 1

functional anatomy

Question 2

study of the mechanical principles to understand the function of living organisms and systems

Answer 2

bio mechanics

Question 3

collection of matter

Answer 3

body

Question 4

motion in which a body moves in a straight line

Answer 4

linear motion (recilinear motion)

Question 5

motion in which a body moves along a curved path

Answer 5

Curvilinear motion

Question 6

motion in which a body rotates about a fixed line

Answer 6

angular motion

Question 7

axis of rotation is AKA

Answer 7

fulcrum or pivot

Question 8

combination of linear and angular motion

Answer 8

general motion

Question 9

plane that separates the body into front and back

Answer 9

frontal plane

Question 10

plane that separates the body into left and right

Answer 10

sagittal plane

Question 11

plane that separates the body into top and bottom

Answer 11

transverse plane

Question 12

study of movement from a descriptive perspective w/o regard to underlying forces

Answer 12

kinematics

Question 13

change in velocity per unit time

Answer 13

velocity

Question 14

movement assessment with respect to the forces involved

Answer 14

kinetics

Question 15

mechanical action or effect applied to a body that tends to produce acceleration

Answer 15

force

Question 16

two types of forces

Answer 16

internal

external

Question 17

a body at rest or in motion tends to remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an outside force

Answer 17

newtons first law

Question 18

F=MxA

Answer 18

newtons second law

Question 19

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Answer 19

newtons thrid law

Question 20

mechanism by which momentum is transferred from one body to another

Answer 20

transfer of momentum

Question 21

analogous to force for angular movements

Answer 21

torque

Question 22

This creates an angular acceleration similar to the way this creates a linear acceleration

Answer 22

Torque

Force

Question 23

Joint motions are produced and controlled by the net effect of these two things

Answer 23

internal and external torques

Question 24

ridged structure fixed at a single point (fulcrum or axis) to which two forces are applied

Answer 24

lever

Question 25

this force on a lever is produced by the active muscle

Answer 25

applied force

Question 26

this force is produced by the weight being lifted or another external force

Answer 26

resistance force

Question 27

the fulcrum is located between the two forces

Answer 27

first class lever

Question 28

the fulcrum is at one end, and the applied force is at ther other end

Answer 28

second class lever

Question 29

the fulcrum is at one end and the resistance force is at the other end

Answer 29

third class lever

Question 30

ratio of the applied force moment arm:resistance force moment arm

Answer 30

mechancial advantage

Question 31

if the mechanical advantage is less than 1

Answer 31

the resistance force has the advantage

Question 32

if the mechanical advantage is greater than 1

Answer 32

the applied force has the advantage

Question 33

Lever in which the longer arm has the mechanical advantage

Answer 33

first class

Question 34

lever in which the applied force always has the advantage

Answer 34

second class

Question 35

lever inwhich the resistance force always has the advantage

Answer 35

third class

Question 36

work =

Answer 36

F x d

Question 37

standard unit of work

Answer 37

joule

Question 38

power = (x2 formulas)

Answer 38

W/t | F/v

Question 39

the ability or capacity to perform mechanical work

Answer 39

mechanical energy

Question 40

two types of mechanical energy

Answer 40

kinetic | potential

Question 41

how much mechanical output can be produced with use of a given amount of metabolic imput

Answer 41

efficiency

Question 42

human skeletal muscle is only about this % efficient

Answer 42

25%

Question 43

Four characteristics of muscle tissue

Answer 43

excitability contractility extensibility elasticity

Question 44

muscle fibers run parallel between the origin and insersion

Answer 44

fusiform (biceps)

Question 45

muscle fibers are arrange at an angle normally

Answer 45

pennate

Question 46

muscle length-tension relationship looks like this

Answer 46

inverted u shape

Question 47

Muscle are able to produce the most force during this type of muscle action

Answer 47

eccentric

Question 48

during this type of training excessive weight is used to focus on the higher force producing capabilities of eccentric muscle action

Answer 48

negatives

Question 49

force of contraction per unit area

Answer 49

specific tension

Question 50

what muscle types have the highest specific tension

Answer 50

FT

Question 51

T/F: specific tension varies widely among whole muscls

Answer 51

T

Question 52

increasing firing frequency of the MU, increasing # of MU recruited, and progressivly recruiting larger motor units are all ways to do this

Answer 52

increase force production intramucularly

Question 53

increasing activation of agonists and synergists, and decreasing the activiation of the antagonists are all ways to do this

Answer 53

increase force production intermuscularly

Question 54

This is the largest contributor to strength gains in novice lifters

Answer 54

neural adaptations

Question 55

maximal muscle force can take this long to develop

Answer 55

0.5 s

Question 56

the time rate of change of force

Answer 56

rate of force development

Question 57

T/F: RFD cannot be improved with resistance training

Answer 57

F, can

Question 58

the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specified velocity

Answer 58

Strength

Question 59

expressing strength is usually limited by the amount of weight that can be lifted through this

Answer 59

sticking point, or weakest point in the ROM

Question 60

The sticking point likely occurs here

Answer 60

where the external resistance has the greatest mechanical advantage

Question 61

this is a movement in which on joint in a movement is independent of the other joints in the chain

Answer 61

open chain

Question 62

this is a movment in which one joint causes other joints in the chain to move in a predictable manner

Answer 62

closed chain

Question 63

An open chain movement usually involves this

Answer 63

a single joint moving, against some angular resistance

Question 64

a closed chain movement usually involves this

Answer 64

multiple joints moving against a linear resistance

Question 65

force does not change throughout the ROM

Answer 65

constant resistance devices

Question 66

free weight and machines are examples of

Answer 66

constant resistance devices

Question 67

devises which resistive force will increase or decrease throughout the ROM

Answer 67

variable resistance devices

Question 68

Machines with cams, elastic resistance and chains are all examples of

Answer 68

variable resistance devices

Question 69

resistive force will vary depending on the force applied to it

Answer 69

accommodating resistance devices

Question 70

isokinetic dynamometers, flywheels, fluid resistance, and exercises performed in water are all examples of

Answer 70

accommodating resistance devices

Question 71

this is a very important factor in designing a safe and effective exercise program

Answer 71

selection of the type of resistance