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NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) > Chapter 4: Biomechanics > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

study of how body systems cooperate to perform certain tasks

A

functional anatomy

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2
Q

study of the mechanical principles to understand the function of living organisms and systems

A

bio mechanics

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3
Q

collection of matter

A

body

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4
Q

motion in which a body moves in a straight line

A

linear motion (recilinear motion)

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5
Q

motion in which a body moves along a curved path

A

Curvilinear motion

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6
Q

motion in which a body rotates about a fixed line

A

angular motion

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7
Q

axis of rotation is AKA

A

fulcrum or pivot

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8
Q

combination of linear and angular motion

A

general motion

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9
Q

plane that separates the body into front and back

A

frontal plane

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10
Q

plane that separates the body into left and right

A

sagittal plane

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11
Q

plane that separates the body into top and bottom

A

transverse plane

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12
Q

study of movement from a descriptive perspective w/o regard to underlying forces

A

kinematics

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13
Q

change in velocity per unit time

A

velocity

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14
Q

movement assessment with respect to the forces involved

A

kinetics

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15
Q

mechanical action or effect applied to a body that tends to produce acceleration

A

force

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16
Q

two types of forces

A

internal

external

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17
Q

a body at rest or in motion tends to remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an outside force

A

newtons first law

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18
Q

F=MxA

A

newtons second law

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19
Q

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

newtons thrid law

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20
Q

mechanism by which momentum is transferred from one body to another

A

transfer of momentum

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21
Q

analogous to force for angular movements

A

torque

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22
Q

This creates an angular acceleration similar to the way this creates a linear acceleration

A

Torque

Force

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23
Q

Joint motions are produced and controlled by the net effect of these two things

A

internal and external torques

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24
Q

ridged structure fixed at a single point (fulcrum or axis) to which two forces are applied

A

lever

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25
Q

this force on a lever is produced by the active muscle

A

applied force

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26
Q

this force is produced by the weight being lifted or another external force

A

resistance force

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27
Q

the fulcrum is located between the two forces

A

first class lever

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28
Q

the fulcrum is at one end, and the applied force is at ther other end

A

second class lever

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29
Q

the fulcrum is at one end and the resistance force is at the other end

A

third class lever

30
Q

ratio of the applied force moment arm:resistance force moment arm

A

mechancial advantage

31
Q

if the mechanical advantage is less than 1

A

the resistance force has the advantage

32
Q

if the mechanical advantage is greater than 1

A

the applied force has the advantage

33
Q

Lever in which the longer arm has the mechanical advantage

A

first class

34
Q

lever in which the applied force always has the advantage

A

second class

35
Q

lever inwhich the resistance force always has the advantage

A

third class

36
Q

work =

A

F x d

37
Q

standard unit of work

A

joule

38
Q

power = (x2 formulas)

A

W/t

F/v

39
Q

the ability or capacity to perform mechanical work

A

mechanical energy

40
Q

two types of mechanical energy

A

kinetic

potential

41
Q

how much mechanical output can be produced with use of a given amount of metabolic imput

A

efficiency

42
Q

human skeletal muscle is only about this % efficient

A

25%

43
Q

Four characteristics of muscle tissue

A

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

44
Q

muscle fibers run parallel between the origin and insersion

A

fusiform (biceps)

45
Q

muscle fibers are arrange at an angle normally

A

pennate

46
Q

muscle length-tension relationship looks like this

A

inverted u shape

47
Q

Muscle are able to produce the most force during this type of muscle action

A

eccentric

48
Q

during this type of training excessive weight is used to focus on the higher force producing capabilities of eccentric muscle action

A

negatives

49
Q

force of contraction per unit area

A

specific tension

50
Q

what muscle types have the highest specific tension

A

FT

51
Q

T/F: specific tension varies widely among whole muscls

A

T

52
Q

increasing firing frequency of the MU, increasing # of MU recruited, and progressivly recruiting larger motor units are all ways to do this

A

increase force production intramucularly

53
Q

increasing activation of agonists and synergists, and decreasing the activiation of the antagonists are all ways to do this

A

increase force production intermuscularly

54
Q

This is the largest contributor to strength gains in novice lifters

A

neural adaptations

55
Q

maximal muscle force can take this long to develop

A

0.5 s

56
Q

the time rate of change of force

A

rate of force development

57
Q

T/F: RFD cannot be improved with resistance training

A

F, can

58
Q

the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specified velocity

A

Strength

59
Q

expressing strength is usually limited by the amount of weight that can be lifted through this

A

sticking point, or weakest point in the ROM

60
Q

The sticking point likely occurs here

A

where the external resistance has the greatest mechanical advantage

61
Q

this is a movement in which on joint in a movement is independent of the other joints in the chain

A

open chain

62
Q

this is a movment in which one joint causes other joints in the chain to move in a predictable manner

A

closed chain

63
Q

An open chain movement usually involves this

A

a single joint moving, against some angular resistance

64
Q

a closed chain movement usually involves this

A

multiple joints moving against a linear resistance

65
Q

force does not change throughout the ROM

A

constant resistance devices

66
Q

free weight and machines are examples of

A

constant resistance devices

67
Q

devises which resistive force will increase or decrease throughout the ROM

A

variable resistance devices

68
Q

Machines with cams, elastic resistance and chains are all examples of

A

variable resistance devices

69
Q

resistive force will vary depending on the force applied to it

A

accommodating resistance devices

70
Q

isokinetic dynamometers, flywheels, fluid resistance, and exercises performed in water are all examples of

A

accommodating resistance devices

71
Q

this is a very important factor in designing a safe and effective exercise program

A

selection of the type of resistance

NSCA-CPT Part 1 (Exercise Science) (8 decks)

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