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Psychology 100 > Chapter 6 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory and its process

A

the storage of learned information for retrieval and future use

Process of memory:
- Encoding
- Storing
- retrieval

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2
Q

Encoding

A

the process of forming a memory by putting attention or focused awareness on a stimulus or event

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3
Q

Types of Processing/Encoding

A
  • Automatic: unconscious encoding of everyday information and well learned information
  • Effort: encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
    • E.g. Study aids, Chunking,
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4
Q

What Can Be Encoded

A
  • Visual: encodes images
  • Auditory/Acoustic: encodes sound
  • Semantic: encodes meaning, definitions, languages
  • Mental organization
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5
Q

Types of Effort Processing Strategies

A
  • Chunking
  • Mnemonics
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6
Q

Recoding

A

our memory’s way of making associations between the new information and things we already know

  • Becomes the framework for our ability to retrieve
  • Can also be seen through taking information from one form and converting it into a way that makes sense to us.
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7
Q

Storage

A

maintaining encoded information in memory over a period of time

  • Explained by the 3 stage processing model or the Information Processing Model of Memory
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8
Q

Sensory Memory

A

the first stage in forming explicit memories and records immediate and brief information which is fleeting in nature

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9
Q

Types of Sensory Memory

A
  • Iconic memories: sensory memory of pictures and images which last 1/4 a second
  • Echoic memory: sensory memory of sounds which lasts up to 3 secs
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10
Q

Ways We Can Move Information From Sensory Memory to STM

A
  • Pattern Recognition: actively searching through long term memory in an effort to find a match to the new information
  • Attention: by paying attention to a stimulus, the more likely it will be created into a new memory in STM
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11
Q

Short Term Memory(STM)

A

memory used for short term retention which unless rehearsed is forgotten

  • Capacity of 7±2 bits of information
  • 30 second duration
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12
Q

Working memory

A

retains and uses information and memories to Helps us process, organize and manipulate information to encode into LTM

  • is a part of short term memory but not the same thing
  • Varies with age
  • More efficient when working on one task at a time, like consciousness
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13
Q

Cognitive Load Interview:

A

allow the person to tell their story from beginning to end and the interviewee asks heaps of questions throughout the story telling about different points in time of the story

  • Makes interview more demanding for the person to accurately remember the story and see if its truthful or made up
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14
Q

Types of Rehearsal

A
  • Maintenance Rehearsal: the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about information
  • Allows you to hold it for more time in short term memory
  • Elaborative Rehearsal: connecting new information with previously stored and already existing memory structures in LTM
  • Helps move information to LTM
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15
Q

Long Term Memory(LTM)

A
  • Unlimited capacity
  • Infinite duration
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16
Q

Different Types of Memories in LTM

A

Explicit: memories that are consciously recalled

  • Semantic: memories of facts and general knowledge
  • Episodic: memory of personal events

Implicit: memories that are unconsciously recalled

  • Procedural: performing tasks or skills
17
Q

How The Main Types of LTM Memories are built

A
  • Explicit memories are built through effort processing requiring conscious attention experience and practice
  • Implicit memories are built through automatic processing using classically conditioned associations without conscious attention
18
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

clear memories of emotionally significant events

  • Excitement or stress provokes the amygdala to boost activity in the memory forming areas of the brain
19
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

anchor points for pathways that can be used to access a memory

  • Cues formed during encoding are the best ones
  • Something which aid a person in recalling information
20
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

the tendency to recall best parts of information at the beginning and end of a list

  • Primacy Effect: first items are better remembered as they have had time to be encoded into LTM
  • Recency Effect: final items are still in Short Term working memory only having just been aware of them
21
Q

Reasons for Forgetting: Storage Decay

A

as we get old information begins to decay

22
Q

Reasons For For Forgetting:
Encoding Failure

A
  • Can be due to age related memory decline
  • Due to conscious attention to limited portions of a vast number of stimuli
23
Q

Reasons for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure

A

when stored information can’t be recalled leading to forgetting

24
Q

Reasons for Retrieval Failure

A
  1. Interference: some memories interfere with the retrieval of others
     ○ Proactive Interference: forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
 ○ Retroactive interference: backward acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
25
Q

Reasons for Forgetting: Motivated Forgetting

A

the ability of people to suppress painful or unacceptable memories to protect their self-concept and minimize anxiety

- Can ultimately be retrieved with a cue or during therapy

- A form of suppression as it is conscious
26
Q

Reasons For Forgetting: Repression

A

in psychoanalytical theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety

  • An unconscious act
27
Q

Reasons For Forgetting: Absentmindness

A

an encoding failure where the individual does not pay attention to details of a stimulus or event

  • E.g. putting car keys down somewhere and because you are moving quickly you forget where you put them later on
28
Q

Reasons For Forgetting: Tip of The Tongue

A

a retrieval failure where you are temporarily unable to retrieve information from memory

29
Q

Errors in memory: Misinformation Effect

A

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

  • False memories can be implanted by hearing vivid retelling of an event
30
Q

Errors in Memory Construction: imagination effect

A

occurs when repeated imagining fake events or actions creates false memories

31
Q

Factors increasing errors in identifying Perpetrators(encoding)

A
  • Poor Vision
    • Poor Viewing Conditions
    • Stress
    • Short Viewing Time
    • Delay in identification
      Different Race
32
Q

Ways to Decrease Errors in Identifying Perpetrators

A
  • Suspects must be the same:
    ○ Race
    ○ Gender
    ○ Hair style/colour
    ○ Tattoos
    - Scars
33
Q

Ways to Show Suspects to Eye Witnesses

A
  • In sequential Order
  • An example of absolute Judgment: a judgement about a single stimulus without the use of comparison
  • Simultaneously:
  • An example of Relative Judgement: witness chooses from the lineup by seeing who resembles the witnesses memory relative to the other lineup members
34
Q

Source Amnesia

A

the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information was acquired while still retaining the knowledge

  • Associated with the malfunctioning of one’s explicit memory
35
Q
A

Psychology 100 (12 decks)

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