Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotions Flashcards
Motivation
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
- Interplay between nature and nurture
Theories:
- Instinct theory
- Drive-reduction theory
- Arousal
- Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory
Instinct Theory
that humans act on instinct and are motivated by inborn behaviors
- Nature based as it proposes we are genetically programmed to act
- Talks about the motivation to survive
- Off Charles Darwin’s Theory
Characteristics of instincts: - unlearned, - uniformed in expression - universal in species
Drive Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that pushes and motivates an individual to satisfy the need
- Goal of this drive is to maintain homeostasis - E.g. feeling thirsty, so we drink water to reduce the internal tension of feeling thirsty - Nature based
Drive
- is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension
Assumptions for the Drive-Reduction Theory
- Individuals have physiological needs
- If a need is not met, it creates a drive
- Drives push individuals to reduce the need
Incentive Theory
that an external stimulus can pull you in a certain direction
- Nurture based
Incentive:
- an external need or want or goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
Arousal Theory
proposes that humans search for the right arousal level that energizes and directs behavior
- Curiosity drives human beings and animals - If we want more, we push for more - People are motivated to reach for a arousal level optimal to them - Nurture based, our environment has the ability to affect our motivation
Maslow’s Theory
- proposes that human motivation is the result of humans fulfilling and working up the pyramid of human motives
- Views human motives as a pyramid
- We have to work our way up the pyramid, you have to satisfy one before moving on to the other
- Views human motives as a pyramid
Emotions
a physiological, expressive behavior and cognitive thought response of the whole organism to an experience
10 Basic Emotions
- joy
- Interest/excitement
- Surprise
- Sadness
- Anger
- Disgust
- Fear
- Contempt
- Shame
- guilt
Components of an Emotion
- Experience
- Physiological
- Expressive behavior
- Thought/conscious experiences
Functions of Emotions: Intrapersonal
what happens within us
- Prepare the body for action ○ Quick decisions with minimal thinking - Influence the way we think(good, bad or indifferent) ○ Provide meaning
Motivate future behaviors
Functions of Emotions: Interpersonal
What happens with others
- Facilitate specific behaviors in perceivers ○ Conveys social signals - Signal the nature of interpersonal relationships - Provide incentives for desired social behavior ○ Facial expressions regulate how we interact ○ Social referencing
Functions of Emotions: Cultural and Societal
What happens within Society
- Culture, worldviews, cultural display rules
Social Referencing
individuals look to others to understand how to react in a given situation
Cannon-Bard Theory
states that we feel emotions because cognitive thought and physiological arousal occurs simultaneously due to an experience
1. Experience
2. Thought & physiological arousal
3. Expressive behavior
James Lange Theory
emotions are caused by our interpretation of bodily reactions
- Awareness of physiological responses to an emotional arousing stimulus
- Not widely appreciated because when you play sports, you are physiologically aroused but don’t assume fear
1. Experience
2. Physiological arousal
3. Thought
4. Expressive behavior
Schachter Singer or Two Factor Theory
states that in order to experience emotions, individuals must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the arousal(process into thoughts)
- emotional experiences require the conscious interpretation of the arousal to create physiological responses.
- E.g. you feel your heart beating fast, you turn and see a bear, you then process the emotion as fear and run
1. Physiological arousal 2. Experience 3. Thought 4. Expressive Behavior
Detecting Emotions in Others
- Humans can communicate without words
- E.g. darting eyes signal anxiety
- Humans can detect nonverbal threats
- E.g. darting eyes signal anxiety
Detecting Emotions in others: Men v Women
- Women detect better than men
- Women tend to respond with and express greater emotions
- Women are more likely to express empathy
- Women experience emotional events deeply and tend to remember more than men do
- Anger is considered to be more of a masculine emotion
Culture and Emotions
- Meanings of gestures can vary across cultures however outward signs of emotions are different
- Shared emotional categories do not reflect shared cultural experiences
- Humans share universal facial languages
○ E.g. surprise we widen our eyes and raise our eyebrows
- However Cultural differences shape facial expression
Instinct:
an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli.
Maslows Hierachy of Needs Pyramid
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- belonginess and love
- esteem needs
- self actualization needs
- Self Transcendence needs
