Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotions

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
- Interplay between nature and nurture

Theories:
- Instinct theory
- Drive-reduction theory
- Arousal
- Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory

Question 2

Instinct Theory

Answer 2

that humans act on instinct and are motivated by inborn behaviors
- Nature based as it proposes we are genetically programmed to act
- Talks about the motivation to survive
- Off Charles Darwin’s Theory

Characteristics of instincts: 
- unlearned,
- uniformed in expression 
- universal in species

Question 3

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 3

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that pushes and motivates an individual to satisfy the need

- Goal of this drive is to maintain homeostasis

- E.g. feeling thirsty, so we drink water to reduce the internal tension of feeling thirsty

- Nature based

Question 4

Drive

Answer 4

• is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

Question 5

Assumptions for the Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 5

• Individuals have physiological needs
  
  • If a need is not met, it creates a drive
  • Drives push individuals to reduce the need

Question 6

Incentive Theory

Answer 6

that an external stimulus can pull you in a certain direction
- Nurture based

Question 7

Incentive:

Answer 7

• an external need or want or goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior

Question 8

Arousal Theory

Answer 8

proposes that humans search for the right arousal level that energizes and directs behavior

- Curiosity drives human beings and animals
- If we want more, we push for more
- People are motivated to reach for a arousal level optimal to them
- Nurture based, our environment has the ability to affect our motivation

Question 9

Maslow’s Theory

Answer 9

• proposes that human motivation is the result of humans fulfilling and working up the pyramid of human motives
  • Views human motives as a pyramid
    • We have to work our way up the pyramid, you have to satisfy one before moving on to the other

Question 10

Emotions

Answer 10

a physiological, expressive behavior and cognitive thought response of the whole organism to an experience

Question 11

10 Basic Emotions

Answer 11

1. joy
   
   2. Interest/excitement
   3. Surprise
   4. Sadness
   5. Anger
   6. Disgust
   7. Fear
   8. Contempt
      
      9. Shame
      10. guilt

Question 12

Components of an Emotion

Answer 12

• Experience
  
  • Physiological
  • Expressive behavior
    
    • Thought/conscious experiences

Question 13

Functions of Emotions: Intrapersonal

Answer 13

what happens within us

- Prepare the body for action
	○ Quick decisions with minimal thinking

- Influence the way we think(good, bad or indifferent)
	○ Provide meaning 

Motivate future behaviors

Question 14

Functions of Emotions: Interpersonal

Answer 14

What happens with others

- Facilitate specific behaviors in perceivers
	○ Conveys social signals

- Signal the nature of interpersonal relationships

- Provide incentives for desired social behavior
	○ Facial expressions regulate how we interact
	○ Social referencing

Question 15

Functions of Emotions: Cultural and Societal

Answer 15

What happens within Society

• Culture, worldviews, cultural display rules

Question 16

Social Referencing

Answer 16

individuals look to others to understand how to react in a given situation

Question 17

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 17

states that we feel emotions because cognitive thought and physiological arousal occurs simultaneously due to an experience

1. Experience
2. Thought & physiological arousal
     3. Expressive behavior

Question 18

James Lange Theory

Answer 18

emotions are caused by our interpretation of bodily reactions
- Awareness of physiological responses to an emotional arousing stimulus
- Not widely appreciated because when you play sports, you are physiologically aroused but don’t assume fear

1. Experience
2. Physiological arousal
3. Thought
    4. Expressive behavior

Question 19

Schachter Singer or Two Factor Theory

Answer 19

states that in order to experience emotions, individuals must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the arousal(process into thoughts)
- emotional experiences require the conscious interpretation of the arousal to create physiological responses.
- E.g. you feel your heart beating fast, you turn and see a bear, you then process the emotion as fear and run

1. Physiological arousal
2. Experience
3. Thought   4. Expressive Behavior

Question 20

Detecting Emotions in Others

Answer 20

• Humans can communicate without words
  • E.g. darting eyes signal anxiety
    • Humans can detect nonverbal threats

Question 21

Detecting Emotions in others: Men v Women

Answer 21

• Women detect better than men
  
  • Women tend to respond with and express greater emotions
  • Women are more likely to express empathy
  • Women experience emotional events deeply and tend to remember more than men do
    
    • Anger is considered to be more of a masculine emotion

Question 22

Culture and Emotions

Answer 22

• Meanings of gestures can vary across cultures however outward signs of emotions are different
  
  • Shared emotional categories do not reflect shared cultural experiences
  • Humans share universal facial languages
    ○ E.g. surprise we widen our eyes and raise our eyebrows
    - However Cultural differences shape facial expression

Question 23

Instinct:

Answer 23

an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli.

Question 24

Maslows Hierachy of Needs Pyramid

Answer 24

• physiological needs
• safety needs
• belonginess and love
• esteem needs
• self actualization needs
• Self Transcendence needs