Chapter 6: LTM

Question 1

Coding

Answer 1

the form in which stimuli are represented in the mind

Question 2

Long-term memory

Answer 2

memory systems which store all the experiences and knowledge we gather throughout our lifetime; information that doesn’t need to be actively maintained

Question 3

Coding of LTM

Answer 3

exact auditory and visual traces are less precise as memories become abstracted into semantic and episodic form

Question 4

Types of retrospective LTM

Answer 4

semantic memory and episodic memory

Question 5

Prospective LTM

Answer 5

the ability to act in the future based on plans made in the past; association between internal or external cue and instruction must be strong enough to cause remembering at the right time

Question 6

2 main systems of LTM

Answer 6

explicit and implicit memory

Question 7

Explicit or declarative memory

Answer 7

memories that we consciously seek to store and retrieve

Question 8

Wickens et al. coding experiment findings

Answer 8

decline in recall due to proactive interference is attributed to the meaning of words or words belonging to the same category (e.g. all fruits)

Question 9

Release from proactive interference

Answer 9

increase in recall performance due to a change in semantic content (e.g. from professions to fruits)

Question 10

Recognition memory

Answer 10

the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier (e.g. multiple choice exam); tested by presenting a stimulus during a study period then presenting it again alongside new words (lures) later on; different from recall

Question 11

What is the predominant type of coding in STM and LTM tasks?

Answer 11

auditory coding (e.g. rehearsing a phone number) in STM and semantic coding in LTM

Question 12

Effect of removal/damage of hippocampus on memory

Answer 12

inability to form new long-term memories while STM is still intact (e.g. Henry Molaison); loss of episodic memory but semantic memory still intact

Question 13

Coding of STM

Answer 13

comprised of visual, auditory, semantic, and episodic traces; actively represented in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 14

Coding of STM

Answer 14

comprised of visual, auditory, semantic, and episodic traces; actively represented in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 15

Role of hippocampus in STM

Answer 15

involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays

Question 16

Dual coding theory (Pavio)

Answer 16

LTM consists of verbal/linguistic and spatial/imagistic codes; words that are remembered better are easier to visualize

Question 17

Episodic memory as mental time travel (Tulving)

Answer 17

self-knowing or remembering; the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past

Question 18

Experience of semantic memory (Tulving)

Answer 18

accessing knowledge about the world that you are familiar with but doesn’t have to be tied to remembering a personal experience

Question 19

Autobiographical memory

Answer 19

memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components

Question 20

Personal semantic memories

Answer 20

facts associated with personal experiences

Question 21

Autobiographically significant semantic memories

Answer 21

semantic memories involving personal episodes (e.g. public figures with autobiographical significance)

Question 22

Semanticization of remote memories

Answer 22

loss of episodic detail over time; remembering declines more than knowing

Question 23

Familiarity

Answer 23

remembering details about a person, like their name, but not details about specific experiences involving that person

Question 24

Recollection

Answer 24

remembering specific experiences related to a person

Question 25

Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 25

episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events, especially from a third-person perspective

Question 26

Effect of damage to the default mode network

Answer 26

problems in retrieving autobiographical memories

Question 27

Implicit memory

Answer 27

learning from experience without consciously remembering that we are doing so; mental functions that can be performed automatically in the background

Question 28

Types of implicit memory

Answer 28

procedural, priming and conditioning

Question 29

Types of explicit memory

Answer 29

semantic and episodic

Question 30

Procedural or skill memory

Answer 30

stored knowledge that allows us to behave skillfully; sometimes cannot remember the process of learning the skills and unable to give a complete account of how the task should be performed (expert-induced amnesia)

Question 31

Expert-induced amnesia

Answer 31

well-learned procedural memories, like an expert pianist playing a piece, doesn’t require attention as skills are carried out automatically

Question 32

Priming

Answer 32

the presentation of one stimulus (priming stimulus) changes the way a person responds to another (test stimulus) without conscious awareness

Question 33

Repetition priming

Answer 33

when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus

Question 34

Propaganda effect

Answer 34

participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true

Question 35

Classical conditioning

Answer 35

pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that has a reflexive response