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PSYC 309 > Chapter 5: STM > Flashcards

Chapter 5: STM Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

mechanism that allows us to retain, retrieve, and use information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills over time; both passive and active processes

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2
Q

Stages of memory

A

encoding, consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation

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3
Q

Encoding

A

initial perception of an event, including attention and pattern recognition

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4
Q

Consolidation

A

laying down and strengthening of memories in short-term or long-term

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

calling memories back up to consciousness

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6
Q

Reconsolidation

A

adaptive update mechanism allowing new information to be integrated into the initial memory representation; happens to all memories after retrieval

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7
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory

A

input enters sensory memory, gets stored in short-term memory with rehearsal, then can be stored and retrieved from long-term memory

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8
Q

Sensory memory

A

brief persistence of the effects of sensory stimulation; initial stage that holds incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second

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9
Q

When is memory active?

A

any time a past experience has an effect on the way you think or behave now or in the future

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10
Q

Short-term memory

A

information that stays in our memory (5 to 9 items) for brief periods (10-20 s) of time without rehearsal

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11
Q

Long-term memory

A

information that is stored for long periods of time, from minutes to a lifetime

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12
Q

Control processes

A

dynamic processes associated with the structural features (types of memory) that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another

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13
Q

Rehearsal

A

control process that operates on STM; repeating a stimulus over and over

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14
Q

2 strategies used that are examples control processes

A

strategies that help make a stimulus more memorable (e.g. chunking); strategies of attention that help you focus on particularly interesting or important information

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15
Q

Persistence of vision

A

the continued perception of a visual stimulus that lasts for a fraction of a second even after it is no longer present (e.g. trail of light left by a sparkler or pictures flashed in a movie theatre)

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16
Q

Whole report method (Sperling)

A

participants were tasked to report as many letters as possible from 12-letter display for 50 ms; reported an average of 4.5/12

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17
Q

Partial report method (Sperling)

A

participants tasked to report letters from a row once cued by a tone (high, medium, low) after the 50 ms 12-letter display; reported an average of 3.3/4 in a row

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18
Q

Delayed partial report method (Sperling)

A

letters were displayed then the cue tone was presented after a short delay; reported an average of 1/4 in a row after 1s delay

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19
Q

Iconic memory or the visual icon

A

brief sensory memory for visual stimuli

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20
Q

Echoic memory

A

persistence of sound that lasts for a few seconds after presentation of the original stimulus

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21
Q

Recall

A

participants are presented a stimuli then are asked to report back as many as possible after a delay; recollecting life events or facts

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22
Q

Digit span

A

the number of digits a person can remember

23
Q

Luck and Vogel’s findings on digit span from change detection

A

participants are able retain about 4 items in their STM; the more items, the greater the decline in performance

24
Q

Chunking (Miller)

A

small units like words can be combined into larger meaningful units like phrases and sentences; increases our ability to hold information in STM by relying on preexisting knowledge in LTM

25
Q

Chunk

A

a collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements in other chunks

26
Q

Alvarez and Cavanagh’s findings on change detection

A

participants’ ability to make the same/difference judgement depended on the stimuli’s complexity; greater amount of information, fewer items held in visual STM

27
Q

Working memory

A

a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks like comprehension, learning, and reasoning

28
Q

Components of working memory (Baddeley and Hitch)

A

phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, central executive

29
Q

Phonological loop or verbal STM

A

holds verbal and auditory information; consists of the phonological store and the articulatory rehearsal process

30
Q

Phonological store or inner ear

A

passive; linked to speech perception and internally hearing words; holds information for 1-2 s

31
Q

Articulatory rehearsal/control process or inner voice

A

active but subvocal (no sound actually made); linked to speech production and used to maintain verbal information from the phonological store

32
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad or visual STM

A

maintains visually presented information like drawings and kinesthetic movements; contains the visual cache and inner scribe

33
Q

Visual cache or inner eye

A

passive; temporarily stores visual information that comes from perceptual experience and contains information about its form and color

34
Q

Inner scribe

A

active; refreshes all stored information from the visuospatial sketchpad and briefly stores spatial relationships associated with bodily movement

35
Q

Central executive

A

a control system that pulls information from LTM and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad by dividing attention between tasks (“attention controller”)

36
Q

Phonological similarity effect

A

the confusion of letters or words that sound similar; more likely to misidentify a visually displayed letter with other letters similar in sound rather than in appearance

37
Q

Word length effect

A

memory is better for lists of short words than long words, which takes longer to rehearse and produce during recall

38
Q

Articulatory suppresion

A

repetitively saying an irrelevant sound, which overloads the phonological loop and interferes with rehearsal; eliminates the word length effect

39
Q

Evidence for phonological loop

A

phonological similarity effect, word length effect, articulatory suppression

40
Q

Visual imagery

A

the creation of visual images in the mind without a physical visual stimulus

41
Q

Shepard and Metzler’s findings on mental rotation

A

it takes longer to identify if objects are the same or different when there is a greater difference in their orientation

42
Q

Evidence for visuospatial sketchpad

A

ability for mental rotation and memory for visual displays that are difficult to code into language

43
Q

Perseveration

A

a breakdown in the central executive’s ability to control attention due to frontal lobe damage wherein a person repeatedly performs the same action or thought even if it’s not achieving the desired goal

44
Q

Episodic buffer

A

provides extra capacity by storing information and temporal order; an integrative system that places events occurring in the loop and sketchpad into a coherent sequence or episode; connected to LTM

45
Q

What limits VSTM capacity?

A

the number of items and the amount of information or complexity

46
Q

Contralateral delay activity

A

EEG/ERP signal that increases as more items are stored in visual working memory; a neurological marker of working memory load ; measured in posterior parietal and temporal lobes 300-900 ms after onset

47
Q

How do individual differences in selective attention affect working memory?

A

high efficiency individuals filter out irrelevant information or distractors while low efficiency individuals don’t

48
Q

Serial position effect

A

items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be remembered

49
Q

Primacy effect

A

items at the beginning of a list are rehearsed for a longer time and have less competition with other information

50
Q

Recency effect

A

items at the end of a list are new in STM so they take less time to decay, and are usually recalled first; is eliminated as time between encoding and retrieval increases

51
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

rote rehearsal that remains items in STM

52
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

thinking about meaningful relationships among the items you’re encoding

53
Q

Retroactive interference

A

something in the present makes it difficult to recall something you have learned previously

54
Q

Proactive interference

A

something in the past makes it difficult to recall something you have learned recently

PSYC 309 (13 decks)

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