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PSYC 309 > Chapter 4: Attention > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

set of processes that increase or decrease the priority of information, either sensory or internal like imagination; the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations

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2
Q

2 basic properties of attention

A

(1) limited number of activities we can focus on for a fixed period of time, (2) need for being selective by focusing on some events and withdrawing from others

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3
Q

What did participants notice from the unattended message during the dichotic listening task?

A

change in volume, gender of speaker, and language, nonsense words, speaker’s name

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4
Q

Distraction

A

one stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus

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5
Q

Divided attention

A

paying attention to more than one thing at a time

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6
Q

Attentional capture

A

a rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus like a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement

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7
Q

Visual scanning

A

movements of the eyes from one location or object to another; influenced by a person’s preferences and predictions through top-down processing

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8
Q

Broadbent’s filter model of attention

A

explains how it is possible to focus on one message and why information isn’t taken in from the other message; an early selection model

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9
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

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10
Q

Stages in Broadbent’s filter model

A

(1) Sensory memory holds incoming info for less than a second, (2) Filter identifies only the attended message based on physical characteristics like speaker’s pitch, speed, accent, (3) Detector processes attended message to determine its higher-level characteristics like meaning, (4) Detector’s output is sent into the STM then the LTM

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11
Q

Early selection model

A

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

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12
Q

Attenuator

A

analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning

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13
Q

Treisman’s attenuation model of attention

A

i.e. leaky filter; both messages pass through an attenuator once they have been identified but the attended message emerges at full strength while the unattended message is attenuated; an early selection model

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14
Q

Dictionary unit

A

contains words, stored in memory, that each have a threshold for being activated

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15
Q

Late selection models of attention

A

propose that most of the incoming info is processed for their meanings before the message to be further processed is selected

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16
Q

Processing capacity

A

the amount of information people can handle with our limited ability to process incoming information

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17
Q

Perceptual load

A

the difficulty of a task

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18
Q

Lavie’s load theory of attention

A

low-load tasks require less processing capacity so there are resources available to process a task-irrelevant stimulus i.e. greater tendency to get distracted doing easy tasks; also dependent on strength of task-irrelevant stimulus

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19
Q

Central vision vs. Peripheral vision

A

the area you are looking at, which falls on the fovea and has better detail; everything off to the side

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20
Q

Saccadic eye movement

A

a rapid, jerky eye movement from one fixation to the next

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21
Q

Overt attention

A

shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes, either bottom-up (based on physical characteristics) or top-down (based on cognitive factors)

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22
Q

Stimulus salience

A

physical properties of the stimulus like color, contrast, movement; a bottom-up process of capturing attention

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23
Q

Saliency map

A

a combination of the physical characteristics of a scene at each location like color, orientation, and intensity

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24
Q

Scene schemas

A

an observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes

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25
Q

“Just in time” strategy

A

eye movements occur just before we need the information they provide (for movement)

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26
Q

Covert attention

A

shifting attention with the mind while keeping the eyes still; “looking out of the corner of your eye”

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27
Q

Finding of Posner’s precueing experiment

A

attention is like a spotlight that improves processing when directed toward a particular location by presenting a cue (e.g. an arrow pointing towards location of target)

28
Q

Same-object advantage

A

faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object (or the cue and the target are on the same object)

29
Q

Attentional warping

A

the map of categories on the brain changes so more space is allotted to categories that are being searched for, even when the attended category isn’t actually present

30
Q

Feature search

A

targets are defined by only one distinct feature, are found fast and automatically; search occurs in parallel and preattentively

31
Q

Conjunction search

A

targets are defined by differences in two or more features and are found slowly; search is serial (one at a time) and requires conscious and effortful attention

32
Q

Automatic processing

A

occurs without intention or automatically and at a cost of only some of a person’s cognitive resources e.g. practice can lead to ability for divided attention

33
Q

Inattentional blindness/deafness

A

when people are unaware of clearly visible/audible stimuli if they aren’t directing their attention to them

34
Q

Change detection

A

participants are tasked to identify the difference between one picture followed by another picture

35
Q

Change blindness

A

difficulty detecting changes in scenes; occurs because our attention is often not directed at the place where change occurs; changes are easier to identify when they are central to attentional spotlight

36
Q

Binding

A

process by which features like color, form, motion, location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

37
Q

Treisman’s feature integration theory

A

process of feature analysis occurs in two stages: preattentive stage then focused attention stage

38
Q

Preattentive stage

A

ability to hone in on a relevant event to the exclusion of all else so rapidly that you may be unaware of stimuli that has been excluded; automatic and unconscious analysis of features of objects independently in separate areas of the brain

39
Q

Focused attention stage

A

attention is focused on an object and its independent features are combined, leading to conscious awareness

40
Q

Illusory conjunctions

A

combination of features from different stimuli where one object takes on properties of another due to divided attention in the preattentive stage when features are still “free-floating”

41
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

inability to focus attention on individual objects due to damage in the parietal lobe; able to find target in feature search but not in conjunction search; symptoms are optic ataxia, simultanagnosia, ocular apraxia

42
Q

Ventral attention network

A

controls attention based on salience; something captures your attention

43
Q

Dorsal attention network

A

controls attention based on top-down processes; guides where you’re looking

44
Q

Effective connectivity

A

how easily activity can travel along a particular pathway; signals in different areas are synchronized when paying attention to a visual stimulus

45
Q

Executive attention network

A

responsible for executive functions that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses; its development overlaps with other functions like inhibition, planning, task switching, working memory

46
Q

2 attention systems

A

top-down: deliberate, conscious, toward our goals; bottom-up: involuntary, captures attention, despite our goals

47
Q

Where does attention usually originate from in the eye?

A

fovea, where center of vision aligns

48
Q

Posner spatial cueing task

A

reaction times are longest in invalid trials, when the cue and the target are incongruent, due to difficulty disengaging and shifting attention from the cued area; requires effortful attentional override of habitual response to the cue

49
Q

Spatial attention

A

selective attention to an area of space

50
Q

Feature-based attention

A

selective attention to the features of an object

51
Q

Attentional sets

A

mental templates that allow us to selectively attend to a certain category of stimulus before it appears; involves holding in mind features or location of the object you’re expecting; can be preattentive

52
Q

Emotional attentional bias

A

emotionally relevant information captures attention more readily than neutral information e.g. temporal order judgement task

53
Q

Hemineglect

A

disorder of attention orienting/disengagement usually caused by parietal lobe damage; patients cannot voluntarily direct attention and don’t show bottom-up attention capture to half of the sensory fields (typically left side); still show precueing advantage and can attend to neglected field if the dominant field is empty

54
Q

Attentional blink

A

when people are looking for two things, they fail to notice the second 180-450 ms after seeing the first; top-down selection fails to operate because lower-level attentive mechanisms are suppressing input; reduced by high emotional arousal

55
Q

Hybrid search mechanism

A

attentional spotlight moves slowly (~500 ms); a fast but limited capacity conjunction search (serial) occurs in parallel at each location

56
Q

Mind wandering

A

shift of attention away from external environment to internal thoughts that tend to be future-oriented or related to current personal concerns; more frequent with low working memory capacity

57
Q

Are emotions better when mind wandering or when on task?

A

on task, however the mind wandering mood is not worse when thoughts are interesting and useful

58
Q

Spotlight of attention or selective integration

A

low-level features like color and orientation are integrated

59
Q

Preattentive salience or pop-out

A

attention is guided from the bottom up by contrast in the density of low-level features

60
Q

Rensink’s attentional mechanisms

A

preattentive salience, lighting level or coercion by lighting, configural focus (intersections), center of gravity, high-level interest, automatic attention to eyes (except for those with autism) and meaningful words, automatic guidance by directives (e.g. arrows)

61
Q

Inhibition of return

A

covert attention inhibits fast responding to stimuli in a previously cued location, 200 ms after the cue

62
Q

Simultanagnosia

A

inability to perceive the visual field as a whole; poor gestalt of scenes

63
Q

Ocular apraxia

A

inability to control voluntary gaze shifting or limited controlled attention

64
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

deficit in executive control that is prevalent in ~5% worldwide depending on the region; low heritability and mostly influenced by interactions between genetics and environment; develops during childhood but many don’t get diagnosed till adulthood

65
Q

Symptoms of ADHD

A

difficulty sustaining attention and avoiding sustained efforts, easily distracted or overwhelmed by peripheral stimuli, blurting out statements and impulsivity, lack of patience

66
Q

P300 ERP component

A

an endogenous response to a novel environmental stimulus characterized by a strong EEG signal in the parietal lobe

PSYC 309 (13 decks)

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