chapter 6 - listening Flashcards
listening goals
-relationship development and enhancement
-gaining and comprehending information
-critical listening: evaluating the accuracy of a message and its value
-enjoyment and appreciation
-therapeutic listening: enables someone to talk through a problem of concern
hearing
the passive physiological act of receiving sound that takes place when sound waves hit a person’s eardrum
listening
the active process of receiving, attending to, interpreting and responding to symbolic activity
receiving
initial step in listening process, where hearing and listening connect
attending
second step in listening process when stimuli are perceived and focused on
interpreting
third step when meaning is assigned to sounds and symbolic activity
responding
final step, reacting to the message of another person
reflecting
summarizing what another person has said to convey understanding of the message
engaged listening
making a personal relational connection with the source of a message that results from the source and the receiver actively working together to create shared meaning and understanding
-caring, trusting,wanting to know more
-picking up on additional meaning
task-oriented listening
listening style that is focused on deadlines, time and delivery
-risk of overpowering the objective of attention to the speaker. the best mix involves attention to tasks and speakers
relational listening
recognizing, understanding, and addressing the interconnection of relationships and communication during the listening process
-recognizing communication affects relationships, and relationships affect communication. The impact a message has on your relationship and your perception of that relationship
person-centered listening
a form of relational listening
-respect
-empathy
-genuineness
-unconditional positive regard
respect
no judgements, accepting that different people have different legitimate ways of acting, with different priorities and different opinions
empathy
understanding other’s perspectives and feelings, very powerful, creates self-esteem.
genuineness
being openly and honestly as possible. creates trust, belief and honesty from both parties
unconditional positive regard
regarding the other as a separate person, intrinsic worth and value
-human being instead of a human doing
critical listening
the process of analyising and evaluating the accuracy, legitimacy, and value of messages and evidence produced to support claims
-not entirely negative
plausibility
the extent to which a message seems legitimate. gut-feeling
-evaluation of source: who says message, past experience with speaker, status of speaker
-evaluation of arguments: fallacious (incorrect) arguments, obvious lies, faulty logic. Hasty generalization
-evaluation of consistency: message is free of internal contradiction and in harmony with info known to be true
-evaluation of evidence: verifiability: indication that the material being provided can be confirmed by other sources or means, quantity, quality
environmental distractions
physical location, competing sources, room temperature or movements of other people
(loud environment)
solution: choose quiet environment for any important talk
medium distractions
limitations or problems inherent in certain media and technology
-mobile phones, internet and connections
solution: switch to different medium, discontinue communication until quality of medium is established
source distractions
audiotory and visual characteristics of the message source
-vocal characteristics (euh), physical appaerance, standing too close, unwanted touching
solution: overcome and manage it, delay the conversation to a more favourable time
factual diversion
occurs when so much emphasis is placed on attending to every detail of the messages that the main point becomes lost
taking notes in lecture
solution: preparation, simplify notes, listen for structure and repetition, note-taking from slides, paraphrase, reread your notes
semantic diversion
occurs when people are distracted by words or phrases used in a message through negative response or unfamiliarity
-sexual slur, word you don’t understand
solution: write difficult word down and look up later
content (representational) listening
when people focus on the content level of meaning or literal meaning rather than the social or relational level of meaning
-focus on the surface level and not the deeper meaning
selective meaning
when people focus more on the points of a message that correspond with their views and interests and pay less attention to those that do not
egocentric listening
when people focus more on their message and self-presentation than on the message of the other person involved in an interaction
-disagreements mostly, people focus too much on what they are going to say next that they fail to listen to others
experiential superiority
when people fail to listen to someone else fully because they believe that they posses more or superior knowledge and experience than the other person
message complexity
occurs when people find a message so complex or confusing they stop listening
solution: force yourself to listen and paraphrase
wandering thoughts
daydreams or thoughts about things other than the message being presented
-not necessarily cause by lack of interest, but rather by the fact that you process information faster than at the rate someone speaks
solution: use the extra time to summarize what the speaker is saying -> helps you remain focused and increases your understanding of the message
past experience with the source
when previous encounters with a person lead people to dismiss or fail to critically examine a message because the person has generally been right or wrong in the past
-when they often lie or are wrong about everything they say
solution: critically listen
