Chapter 6 Imentguary System Flashcards
What are the general functions of the integumentary system?
The general functions of the integumentary system are assists in preventing water loss, assists in regulation of body temperature, and serves as coverings to protect other systems.
Name the three distinct layers of the skin and their functions.
- Epidermis: protects your body and keeps it hydrated, produces new skin cells and contains melanin
- Dermis: support and protect the skin and deeper layers, assist in thermoregulation, and aid in sensation. Contains hair follicles and glands.
- Subcutaneous Layer: Contains adipose tissue to insulate/conserve heat
Explain the process of keratinization. List examples of this process in the integumentary system.
Keratinization is the process of new cells pushing out, dying off, and filling with keratin. Examples include the growth of hair and nails.
What is melanin and what factors determine skin color?
Melanin is a pigment that provides skin color. Someone’s skin color is determined by their amount of melanin and the distribution and size of the pigment granules.
What major accessory structures are located in the dermis?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Explain the purpose of hair and how it grows
The purpose of hair is to keep us warm and protect sensitive areas. Hair grows as epithelial cells divide and grow, pushing old cells toward the surface. The cells that move upward and away become keratinized and die, their remains creating the hair shaft.
Explain the different parts of hair
The different parts of the hair are, hair follicle: a tubelike depression where hair develops from/ produces and sustains hair growth, hair bulge: a region near the bottom of the hair follicle where the stem cells that create hair originate from/ generates the follicle in hair cycle and the hair bulb: deepest portion of the hair root/ contains growing hair cells
The purpose of nails and how they grow
The purpose of nails is to protect the ends of the fingers and toes. Epithelial cells divide on the nail plate and the newly formed cells become kerantinized. Tiny, keratinized scales become part of the nail plate, pushing it over the nail bed.
Explain the different parts of the nails
The different parts of the nail are: nail plate which overlies the surface of the nail bed, provides smooth surface for nail plate. The lunula is half-moon-shaped region at the base of the nails, which is the most actively growing region
Explain the purpose of Sebaceous glands.
Sebaceous glands secretes oily mixtures to waterproof hair.
Explain the purpose of the two different types of sweat glands in the body. Name examples of special, modified sweat glands and what they are for.
- Ceruminous glands: secrete earwax
- Mammary glands: secrete milk
- merocrine (eccrine): respond to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or physical exercise
- apocrine: active at puberty, secrete when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, in pain, or sexually aroused
Explain the mechanisms the body uses to lose excess heat.
To lose heat, blood vessels dilate and the body begins sweating.
Explain the mechanisms the body uses to conserve heat.
Blood vessels constrict, sweat glands remain inactive, shivering (muscle cells contracting)
Distinguish between the activities used to heal a wound in the epidermis and those to heal a wound in the dermis.
To heal a wound in the dermis layer, blood vessels break, and the released blood forms a clot in the wound. The blood clot and dried tissue fluids form a scab that covers and protects underlying tissues. Fibroblasts migrate into the region and secrete collagen fibers that bind the edges of the wound. In the epidermis layer, epithelial cells along its margin are stimulated to divide more rapidly than usual, and the newly formed cells fit the gap.
Inflammation is the body’s normal response to injury or stress. What are the different symptoms of inflammation and what are their corresponding causes?
Redness: vasodilation, more blood in the area
Heat: Large amount of blood accumulating in the area
Swelling: increased permeability of blood vessels
Pain: injury to neurons and increased pressure from edema
