Anatomy Semester 1 Final Flashcards
What is anatomy? What is physiology? Why are the two topics difficult to separate?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts. The topics are difficult to separate because the structures of the body parts are closely associated with their functions.
What are the 9 levels of organization that we discussed? Give an example of each level. What happens in terms of complexity as you move up levels?
Atoms, molecule, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. Complexity increases along with the levels.
Examples:
Atoms: carbon
molecule: water
macromolecules: proteins
organelle: nucleus
cells: blood cells
tissues: muscle tissue
organ: brain
organ system: digestive system
organism: human
Name the characteristics of life
The characteristics of life are growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, and metabolism.
What are the five requirements that organisms need to sustain life?
The five requirements that organisms need to sustain life are pressure, heat, food, oxygen, and water.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is a stable internal environment.
Explain the difference between negative and positive feedback. Give an example of each
Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output while positive feedback works to increase the change or output.
- An example of negative feedback is a heating system, a specific temperature is chosen to be maintained. If the room gets too hot, the heater will turn off and the AC will turn on. If the room gets too cold, the AC turns off and the heater on.
- An example of positive feedback is blood clotting, if you have an open wound platelets will activate and continue activating in a positive feedback loop until the wound is clotted.
What are the five major body cavities of a human?
The cranial cavity, the vertebral cavity, the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.
What is the purpose of serous fluid?
Serous fluids work as lubricant and reduces friction in the body, function between the membranes of an organ.
What are the 3 major planes/cuts of the body?
- Sagittal plane: vertically divides the body into left and right sections
- Coronal plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
- Transverse plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Integumentary system
These organs protect underlying tissues from bacteria, help regulate body temperature, house a variety of sense receptors, and synthesize certain products. Major organ: skin
Muscular system
Provide forces that move body parts, maintain posture and are the major source of body heat Major organ: biceps
Skeletal system
Provide frameworks and shields for softer tissues and are attachments for
muscles. Major orga: femur
Nervous system
Cells of this system communicate with each other and with muscles and glands using chemical signals: detect changes inside and outside the body, control the body Major organ: brain
Endocrine system
release hormones into the blood stream. Major organ: pancreas
Cardiovascular system
Helps force blood through the blood vessels, carrying nutrients, gasses, hormones, and wastes. Transports oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive organs to all body cells. Major organ: heart
Lymphatic system
protects the body against infection maintains bodily fluid levels Major organ: spleen
Digestive system
These organs receive food from the outside and break it down the molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed into body fluids. Major organ: stomach
Respiratory system
Move air in and out of the lungs and also exchange gasses between the blood and air. Major organ: lungs
Urinary system
These organs remove wastes from blood and help maintain the body’s water and electrolyte concentrations. They also store urine and transport it to outside the body. Major organs: kidneys
Male Reproductive System
Produce and maintain sperm cells and transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract Major organs: testes
Female Reproductive System
Produce and maintain the female sex cells, transport the female sex cells within the reproductive system, and can receive male sex cells. Also supports the development of embryos, carries fetuses to term, and functions in the birth process. Major organs: ovaries
What is a tissue? What is “Histology”?
A tissue is an organized group of similar cells with a common function. Histology is the study of tissues.
What are some general characteristics/functions of epithelial tissues?
The general function of epithelial tissue is to cover and protect other tissues. It lines body cavities and hollow organs. The cells are packed tightly together with very little intercellular matrix.
What are the three shapes of epithelial tissues?
Squamous: Found at sites of diffusion and filtration. Line the air sacs of the lungs, forms the walls of capillaries, and lines the inside of vessels.
Cuboidal: Found in kidney tubes, covers ovaries, and ducts of certain glands. Function is secretion, absorption, and protection.
Columnar: Found in female reproductive tract, uterus, and portions of the digestive tract. Functions are protection, excretion secretion, and absorption
How do the proteins Collagen and Elastin differ in function?
Protein collagen helps with strength whereas protein elastin helps with elasticity.
What are the general characteristics/functions of connective tissues?
The general function of connective tissue is to bind other tissues together. The cells are loosely bound together and spread apart with extracellular material.
What is the unique function of adipose tissue?
Adipose tissue is unique because it stores fat.
What are the major components of blood?
The major components of blood are red blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
What are the three types of muscular tissue? How are they alike? How are they different?
Skeletal muscle tissue forms muscles that attach to bones, is controlled voluntarily, and has striations.
Smooth muscle tissue is shorter and has spindle-shaped cells, no striations, and is controlled involuntarily. This tissue composes the walls of internal organs.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. Its cells are striated and branched, joining end to end. Controlled involuntarily.
What are the general characteristics/functions of Nervous tissue?
The general function of nervous tissue is to send chemical signals and impulses. It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
What are the general functions of the integumentary system?
The general functions of the integumentary system are assists in preventing water loss, assists in regulation of body temperature, and serves as coverings to protect other systems.
Name the three distinct layers of the skin and their functions.
Epidermis: protects your body and keeps it hydrated, produces new skin cells and contains melanin
Dermis: support and protect the skin and deeper layers, assist in thermoregulation, and aid in sensation. Contains hair follicles and glands.
Subcutaneous Layer: Contains adipose tissue to insulate/conserve heat
What is melanin and what factors determine skin color?
Melanin is a pigment that provides skin color. Someone’s skin color is determined by their amount of melanin and the distribution and size of the pigment granules.
What major accessory structures are located in the dermis?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Explain the purpose of nails as well as the different parts of nails and how they grow.
The purpose of nails is to protect the ends of the fingers and toes. The different parts of the nail are: nail plate which overlies the surface of the nail bed, created by specialized epithelial cells. The lunula is half-moon-shaped region at the base of the nails, which is the most actively growing region. Epithelial cells divide on the nail plate and the newly formed cells become kerantinized. Tiny, kerantinized scales become part of the nail plate, pushing it over the nail bed.
Explain the purpose of Sebaceous glands.
Sebaceous glands secretes oily mixtures to waterproof hair.
Explain the purpose of the two different types of sweat glands in the body. Name examples of special, modified sweat glands and what they are for.
- Ceruminous glands: secrete earwax
- Mammary glands: secrete milk
- merocrine (eccrine): respond to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or physical excerise
- aprocine: active at puberty,secrete when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, in pain, or sexually aroused
Explain the overall process of keratinization along with examples of how it occurs in the integumentary system.
Keratinization is the process of new cells pushing out, dying off, and filling with keratin. Examples include the growth of hair and nails.
Be able to explain what a neurotransmitter is (RQ7, pg 180)
A chemical released by neurons to communicate with other cells
Be able to describe how connective tissue is part of the muscular system. Give examples of connective tissue in the muscular system. (RQ1 Pg 177)
Layers of connective tissue enclose and separate all parts of a skeletal muscle. Examples include fascia, epimysium, endomysium, and perimysium.
Be able to describe the general structure of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Composed of small fibers of myofibrils. Each myofibril consists of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin).
Be able to list the five levels of organization for muscles
muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, thick and thin filaments
