Chapter 11 Flashcards
Pituitary gland (Structure + Location)
Located at the base of the brain, attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk and consists of an anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
Thyroid gland (Structure + Location)
Inferior to the larynx and anterior and lateral to the trachea. Composed of two large lobes connected by a broad isthmus.
Parathyroid gland (Structure + Location)
Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, most people have 4, a superior and inferior gland associated with each of the thyroid’s lobes. A thin capsule of connective tissue covers each small, yellowish, brown parathyroid gland.
Adrenal glands (Structure + Location)
A gland sits atop each kidney like a cap, embedded in a mass of adipose tissue that encloses the kidney. Vascular and consists of 2 parts: the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.
Pancreas (Structure + Location)
An elongated, somewhat flattened organ posterior to the stomach and partly posterior to the parietal peritoneum. A duct joins the pancreas to the duodenum (first section of the small intestine).
Pineal gland (Structure + Location)
Located deep within the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper part of the thalamus near the roof of the third ventricle. Small, cone-shaped gland.
Thymus (Structure + Location)
Lies in the mediastinum, posterior to the sternum and between the lungs. Large in children shrinks with age. Two lobes, each divided into smaller lobules, with a central medulla surrounded by an outer cortex, encased by a connective tissue capsule.
Reproductive glands (ovaries, testes) (Structure + Location)
The location of the reproductive organs is between the legs. The general structure of the glands are: gonads and internal genitalia such as fallopian tubes
Pituitary Gland (Function)
Controls all of the other glands. Regulates growth, metabolism, blood pressure, sexual maturation, and reproduction. Controls milk production, growth in childhood, and muscle growth.
Thyroid Gland (Function)
Controls how many calories the body consumes (metabolism), and plays a role in bone growth and maintenance of blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid gland (Function)
Helps control blood calcium levels
Adrenal glands (function)
Maintains blood sodium levels and responds to stress.
Pancreas (function)
Dual function, Exocrine gland: secretes digestive juice (helps digest food) and Endocrine: releases hormones (hormone insulin) that controls the blood glucose level
Pineal gland (Function)
Regulates circadian rhythms or daily sleep-wake cycles
Thymus (function)
Affects the production and differentiation of certain white blood cells (lymphocytes), aiding in immunity
Reproductive glands (function)
Produce sex cells and secrete sex hormones, regulate sexual development and characteristics
Hormones associated with Pituitary gland
growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone
Hormones associated with thyroid gland
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Hormones associated with parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
Hormones associated with Adrenal glands
aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens and estrogen
Hormones associated with pancreas
Insulin and glucagon
Hormones associated with pineal gland
melatonin
Hormones associated with thymus
thymosin
Hormones associated with reproductive glands
estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Function of growth hormone
Stimulates growth in childhood and cells to enlarge and divide more frequently. Enhances the movement of amino acids across cell membranes and speeds the rate at which cells utilize carbohydrates and fats.
Function of prolactin
stimulates and sustains a woman’s milk production following the birth of an infant
Function of thyroxine
Helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It increases the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, increases the rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates the breakdown and mobilization of lipids. (Controls metabolism, energy, and growth)
Triiodothyronine
Helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It increases the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, increases rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates the breakdown and mobilization of lipids. (five times more potent)
Parathyroid hormone
increases the blood calcium ion concentration and decreases the blood phosphate ion concentration / regulates calcium levels in blood
Aldosterone
Helps regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes
Cortisol
keeps blood glucose levels stable, responds to stress
Androgens
supplement sex hormones from the gonads; may be converted to estrogens in females
estrogen
assists in the development and maturation of the female ova (eggs), and also contributes to endometrial regrowth, ovulation, and calcium absorption
insulin
lowers the blood sugar levels
glucagon
raises the blood sugar levels
thymosin
Affect the production and differentiation of certain white blood cells
progesterone
prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation
testosterone
sperm production
melatonin
helps regulate circadian rhythms or daily sleep-wake cycles.
luteinizing hormone
regulates testosterone in men and estrogen in women
negative feedback loops and how they relate to the endocrine system. Be able to fully describe an example of at least one of the loops.
Negative feedback loops play a crucial role in the endocrine system by regulating hormone levels, and ensuring a stable internal environment (homeostasis). An example of one of the loops would be: if blood sugar levels rise too high, insulin is released by the pancreas and returns blood sugar levels back to normal. If blood sugar levels drop too low, glucagon is then released by the pancreas to raise them.
How exocrine glands are different from endocrine glands
Endocrine secretions are inside the body, exocrine secretions are outside of the body
The general functions & responsibilities of the endocrine system as a whole
Hormones are chemical messengers that act on target cells. The endocrine system is responsible for regulating various bodily functions by producing and releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which control processes like growth, development, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and overall homeostasis throughout the body.
