Chapter 11

Question 1

Pituitary gland (Structure + Location)

Answer 1

Located at the base of the brain, attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk and consists of an anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

Question 2

Thyroid gland (Structure + Location)

Answer 2

Inferior to the larynx and anterior and lateral to the trachea. Composed of two large lobes connected by a broad isthmus.

Question 3

Parathyroid gland (Structure + Location)

Answer 3

Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, most people have 4, a superior and inferior gland associated with each of the thyroid’s lobes. A thin capsule of connective tissue covers each small, yellowish, brown parathyroid gland.

Question 4

Adrenal glands (Structure + Location)

Answer 4

A gland sits atop each kidney like a cap, embedded in a mass of adipose tissue that encloses the kidney. Vascular and consists of 2 parts: the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.

Question 5

Pancreas (Structure + Location)

Answer 5

An elongated, somewhat flattened organ posterior to the stomach and partly posterior to the parietal peritoneum. A duct joins the pancreas to the duodenum (first section of the small intestine).

Question 6

Pineal gland (Structure + Location)

Answer 6

Located deep within the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper part of the thalamus near the roof of the third ventricle. Small, cone-shaped gland.

Question 7

Thymus (Structure + Location)

Answer 7

Lies in the mediastinum, posterior to the sternum and between the lungs. Large in children shrinks with age. Two lobes, each divided into smaller lobules, with a central medulla surrounded by an outer cortex, encased by a connective tissue capsule.

Question 8

Reproductive glands (ovaries, testes) (Structure + Location)

Answer 8

The location of the reproductive organs is between the legs. The general structure of the glands are: gonads and internal genitalia such as fallopian tubes

Question 9

Pituitary Gland (Function)

Answer 9

Controls all of the other glands. Regulates growth, metabolism, blood pressure, sexual maturation, and reproduction. Controls milk production, growth in childhood, and muscle growth.

Question 10

Thyroid Gland (Function)

Answer 10

Controls how many calories the body consumes (metabolism), and plays a role in bone growth and maintenance of blood calcium levels.

Question 11

Parathyroid gland (Function)

Answer 11

Helps control blood calcium levels

Question 12

Adrenal glands (function)

Answer 12

Maintains blood sodium levels and responds to stress.

Question 13

Pancreas (function)

Answer 13

Dual function, Exocrine gland: secretes digestive juice (helps digest food) and Endocrine: releases hormones (hormone insulin) that controls the blood glucose level

Question 14

Pineal gland (Function)

Answer 14

Regulates circadian rhythms or daily sleep-wake cycles

Question 15

Thymus (function)

Answer 15

Affects the production and differentiation of certain white blood cells (lymphocytes), aiding in immunity

Question 16

Reproductive glands (function)

Answer 16

Produce sex cells and secrete sex hormones, regulate sexual development and characteristics

Question 17

Hormones associated with Pituitary gland

Answer 17

growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone

Question 18

Hormones associated with thyroid gland

Answer 18

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 19

Hormones associated with parathyroid gland

Answer 19

parathyroid hormone

Question 20

Hormones associated with Adrenal glands

Answer 20

aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens and estrogen

Question 21

Hormones associated with pancreas

Answer 21

Insulin and glucagon

Question 22

Hormones associated with pineal gland

Answer 22

melatonin

Question 23

Hormones associated with thymus

Answer 23

thymosin

Question 24

Hormones associated with reproductive glands

Answer 24

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Question 25

Function of growth hormone

Answer 25

Stimulates growth in childhood and cells to enlarge and divide more frequently. Enhances the movement of amino acids across cell membranes and speeds the rate at which cells utilize carbohydrates and fats.

Question 26

Function of prolactin

Answer 26

stimulates and sustains a woman's milk production following the birth of an infant

Question 27

Function of thyroxine

Answer 27

Helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It increases the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, increases the rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates the breakdown and mobilization of lipids. (Controls metabolism, energy, and growth)

Question 28

Triiodothyronine

Answer 28

Helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It increases the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, increases rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates the breakdown and mobilization of lipids. (five times more potent)

Question 29

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 29

increases the blood calcium ion concentration and decreases the blood phosphate ion concentration / regulates calcium levels in blood

Question 30

Aldosterone

Answer 30

Helps regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes

Question 31

Cortisol

Answer 31

keeps blood glucose levels stable, responds to stress

Question 32

Androgens

Answer 32

supplement sex hormones from the gonads; may be converted to estrogens in females

Question 33

estrogen

Answer 33

assists in the development and maturation of the female ova (eggs), and also contributes to endometrial regrowth, ovulation, and calcium absorption

Question 34

insulin

Answer 34

lowers the blood sugar levels

Question 35

glucagon

Answer 35

raises the blood sugar levels

Question 36

thymosin

Answer 36

Affect the production and differentiation of certain white blood cells

Question 37

progesterone

Answer 37

prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation

Question 38

testosterone

Answer 38

sperm production

Question 39

melatonin

Answer 39

helps regulate circadian rhythms or daily sleep-wake cycles.

Question 40

luteinizing hormone

Answer 40

regulates testosterone in men and estrogen in women

Question 41

negative feedback loops and how they relate to the endocrine system. Be able to fully describe an example of at least one of the loops.

Answer 41

Negative feedback loops play a crucial role in the endocrine system by regulating hormone levels, and ensuring a stable internal environment (homeostasis). An example of one of the loops would be: if blood sugar levels rise too high, insulin is released by the pancreas and returns blood sugar levels back to normal. If blood sugar levels drop too low, glucagon is then released by the pancreas to raise them.

Question 42

How exocrine glands are different from endocrine glands

Answer 42

Endocrine secretions are inside the body, exocrine secretions are outside of the body

Question 43

The general functions & responsibilities of the endocrine system as a whole

Answer 43

Hormones are chemical messengers that act on target cells. The endocrine system is responsible for regulating various bodily functions by producing and releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which control processes like growth, development, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and overall homeostasis throughout the body.