Chapter 6: Human Body Flashcards
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
Abdomen
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
Acetabulum
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called the thyroid cartilage
Adams apple
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal gland
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenalin; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
adrenergic
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic metabolism
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breath’s, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
Agonal gasps
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
alveoli
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main byproduct is lactic acid
Anaerobic metabolism
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
Anatomic position
The main artery leading the left side of the heart and caring freshly oxygenated blood to the body
Aorta
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
Appendicular skeleton
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Appendix
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
April he layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints
Articular cartilage
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
Atrium
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
Axial skeleton
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
Ball and socket joint
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
Beta adrenergic receptors
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
Biceps
The ducts that convey pile between the liver and the intestine
Bile ducts
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood pressure BP
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial artery
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment
Brain
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
Brainstem
The tiny blood vessel’s between arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
Capillary vessels
The heart muscle
Cardiac muscle
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
Cardiac output CO
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
Carotid artery
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system CNS
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly find body movements
Cerebellum
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
Cerebrum
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that light in the neck
Cervical spine
Thin band of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is combination of all of the eaten Foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory system
The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
Clavicle
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
Coccyx
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
Coronal plane
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain
Cranium
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
Circothyroid membrane
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
Dead space
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
Dermis
A muscular done that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
Diaphragm
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
Diastole
Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
Digestion
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsal’s
Dorsalis pedis artery
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
Endocrine system
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
Epidermis
A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
A hormone produced by the adrenal Medulla that has a vital role in the function of sympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
Esophagus
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man
Expiratory reserve volume
The straightening of a joint
Extension
Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
Fallopian tube
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs it can be palpated in the groin area
Femoral artery
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
Femoral head
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
Femur
The bending of a joint
Flexion
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
The portion of the cranium that forms the forhead
Frontal bone
A sack on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
The reproductive system in men and women
Genital system
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the tie, just below the hip joint
Greater torchanter
The small organs that produce hair
Hair follicles
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
The number of heartbeats during a specific time usually one minute
Heart rate HR
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restricted motion to one plane
Hinge joints
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
Hormones
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
Hydrostatic pressure
A back up system to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
Hypoxic drive
One of three bones that fuses to form the pelvic ring
Ilium
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior Vena cava
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
The space between the cells
Interstitial space
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body
Involuntary muscle
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ischium
The place where two bones come into contact
Joint (articulation)
The fibrous sack that encloses a joint
Joint capsule
To retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
Kidneys
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
Labored breathing
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
Lactic acid
The portion of the digestive tube that in circles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the Colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and illuminate solid waste
Large intestine
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
Lesser torchanter
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
Ligament
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate used by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
Liver
The lower part of the back formed by the lowest 5 non fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
Lumbar spine
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
Lymph
Tiny, oval shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
Lymph nodes
The bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
The upper jaw bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the pallet and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, reading, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla oblongata
The bio chemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
Metabolism( cellular respiration)
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
Midbrain
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the four head through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Mid sagittal plane (midline)
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
Minute volume
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
Mucous membranes
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
Mucus
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
Musculoskeletal system
The heart muscle
Myocardium
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
Nasopharynx
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous system
In Neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through it’s Alpha stimulator properties
Norepinephrine
The most posterior portion of the cranium
Occiput
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
The eyesocket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
Female glands that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs)
Ovaries
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the Vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
Parasympathetic nervous system
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
Parietal bones
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Patella
The study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease
Pathophysiology
The circulation of oxygenated blood within the organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs
Perfusion
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
Peripheral nervous system PNS
The wave like contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
Peristalsis
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
Tiny, disc shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
The serous membrane’s covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
Pleura
And organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the Madullary respiratory center
Pons
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
Posterior tibial artery
A small gland that surround the urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
Prostate gland
A hard, Bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lower most portion of the abdomen where the 2 halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Pubis
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood
Pulmonary artery
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
Pulmonary circulation
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
Pulse
The major artery in the forearm it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
Radial artery
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
The lower most end of the colon
Rectum
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes
Red blood cells
A cone shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
Renal pelvis
The air is that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual volume
The inhaling and exhaling of air, the physiological process the exchange is carbon dioxide from fresh air
Respiration
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
Respiratory compromise
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
Respiratory system
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal
Reticular activating system
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
Sacroiliac joint
One of 3 bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five infused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
And imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal (lateral) plane
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
Salivary gland
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
Scalp
The shoulder blade
Scapula
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shaft of the hairs
Sebaceous glands
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
Semen
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
Seminal vesicles
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain in the body to the central nervous system
Sensory nerves
And abnormal state associated with in adequate oxygen and nutrients delivery to the cells of the body, also known as hypoperfusion
Shock
The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus
Shoulder girdle
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
Skeletal muscle
The framework that gives the body it’s recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs
Skeleton
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small intestine
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
Smooth muscle
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes examples are found within the rectum bladder and blood vessels
Sphincters
A device used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves caring messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal cord
Spinal cord
The breastbone
Sternum
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
Stratum corneal layer
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume SV
Tissue, Largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous tissue
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and just into the heart
Superior Vena cava
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
Sweat glands
A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection
Symphysis
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Synovial “fluid
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
Synovial membrane
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move with in the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
Systemic vascular resistance SVR
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
Systole
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
Temporal bones
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
A male genital gland that contains the specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
Testicle
The chest or rib cage
Thoracic cage
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae
Thoracic spine
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
Thorax
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple
Thyroid Cartilage
The shin bone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs and one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
Tidal volume
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
Topographic anatomy
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
And imaginary line where the party is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse (axial) plane
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
Triceps
The middle and thickest layer of the tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allowed the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica media
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
Ulna
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the Bladder
Ureter
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
Urethra
A sack behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary bladder
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
Urinary system
A muscular, distendable double tube that connects the uterus with the Vulva; also called the birth canal
Vagina
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
Vasa diferentia
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
Ventilation
One of two lower chambers of the heart
Ventricle
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
Vertebrae
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated muscle
Voluntary muscle
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
White blood cells
The Nero, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
xiphoid process
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings that sphenoid bone
zygomas
