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Human Physiology - BIO 3322 > Chapter 6 - CNS > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - CNS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organs makeup the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What percent of CNS cells are neurons?

A

10%

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3
Q

What cells makeup the 90% of CNS?

A

neuroglia (white;fat)

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4
Q

What is the fluid that supports the CNS

A

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

What are fibers?

A

axons from multiple nuclei running in parallel; aka nerve tracts or white matter

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6
Q

What are the two layers directly underneath the skin?

A

Aponeurosis and Periosteum

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7
Q

What is the aponeurosis layer?

A

collagen cells for protection

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8
Q

What is the Periosteum layer?

A

vascular tissue

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the Meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

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10
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

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11
Q

What is the space called between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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12
Q

What is the layer directly beneath the Pia mater?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

Dura Mater

A

thick, strong connective tissue layer

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14
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

thin, transparent fibrous membrane

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15
Q

Pia Mater

A

Delicate connective tissue layer

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16
Q

Hemorrhage/Hematoma

A

Physical trauma to the brain leading to bleeding within the spaces between the maters of the meninges

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17
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

bleeding between the arachnoid and pia maters

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18
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

tearing of veins between dura and arachnoid maters

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19
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

collection of blood between dura mater and surrounding bone

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20
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • Homeostatic regulation of ions and nutrients in extracellular environment
  • Support and cushioning of the brain and spinal cord with buoyant forces
  • Chemical and immunological buffering of the fluid surrounding neurons and glia
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21
Q

CSF moves through the brain through:

A

ventricles

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22
Q

What produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus and ependymal cells within ventricles

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23
Q

How is CSF stored?

A

stored in ventricles

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24
Q

Blood Supply to the brain pathway:

A

Internal carotid artery/Vertebral artery => Anterior portion of brain/Posterior portion of the brain => Circle of Willis (connection)

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25
Q

What are the safeguards in the CNS to maintain blood flow?

A
  • Circle of Willis allows blood supplying anterior and posterior portions of brain to overlap, ensuring that if one path is blocked the other one can still supply blood to CNS.
  • Anterior cerebral artery connects BOTH carotid arteries, allowing blood flow if one is blocked.
  • Formation of the Basilar artery from the two vertebral arteries and spinal arteries again allow blood flow if one is blocked.
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26
Q

What is a stroke?

A

interrupted blood flow to the brain has caused neuronal death

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27
Q

What are the different types of stroke?

A

Ischemic (reduced blood flow; greater survivorship)
Hemorrhagic (bleeding)

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28
Q

What are the risk factors of having a stroke?

A

Elevated blood pressure, smoking, obesity, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, or heart problems.

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29
Q

What are the types of neuroglia cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia.

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30
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

axonal physical support, create myelin sheath surrounding neurons in CNS, aid in conductance of axonal action potentials, metabolic support to neurons

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31
Q

Astrocytes

A

star-shaped cells, multiple functions including neurotransmitter secretion/absorption, 3D structure of the brain, glycogenesis, fluid regulation, release of ATP, repair.
* A LOSS of astrocytes in the CNS leads to OVER-excitability of neurons and an OVERPRODUCTION might lead to a DECREASE in neuron activity.

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32
Q

Ependymal cells

A

epithelial cells that line the brain ventricles, produce CSF, site of cells involved in neuro-regeneration, apical surface covered in cilia and microvilli (reabsorption)

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33
Q

Microglia

A

resident macrophages, first line of defense for active immune system in CNS; responsible for: removal of damaged neurons/neuroglia and infectious agents, recognition of infectious agents and action as antigen-presenting cells, prevention of inflammation within cells by rapid removal of infectious agents. Consume foreign material by phagocytosis (glitter cell)

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34
Q

What are the main functions of the CNS?

A
  • Receiving and processing external sensory information
  • Integrating information from a wide range of sources: processing it, acting on it, or storing it in memory.
  • Sending signals that control the main functions of body tissues
  • Consciousness perception of senses, language, reason, memory, emotion, etc. (all emergent properties)
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35
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • smallest, simplest neuronal circuit
  • action potential does not travel to the brain for processing; i.e. the response is MUCH faster.
  • basic components: sensory (afferent) neuron, motor (efferent) neuron, and target (organs/muscles)
  • can be monosynaptic (CANNOT be modified) or poly-synaptic (CAN be modified; minim. of 3 cells)
  • autonomic reflexes affect glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle; somatic reflexes affect skeletal muscles and organs
36
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Long, thin, tubular bundle of neurons
  • Carries info to/from the brain
  • Encased in vertebrae and meninges
  • divided into different segments that correspond w/ overlying vertebrae
37
Q

What is white matter organized into?

A

Funiculi (columns): dorsal, lateral, and ventral

38
Q

What are funiculi organized into?

A

nerve tracts

39
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

supplies the muscles of the back, and delivers sensory information from the back to the CNS

40
Q

Ventral Ramus

A

carries sensory information to and from the other parts of the body

41
Q

Ventral root

A

motor (efferent) axons

42
Q

Dorsal root

A

sensory (afferent) axons (contains the dorsal root ganglion which makes it easily recognizable)

43
Q

Gyri

A

elevated ridges or hills on the brain

44
Q

Sulci

A

Small grooves or valleys on brain

45
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves or canyons

46
Q

Within the brain, neuronal cell bodies are organized into _______________, while axonal projections are organized into _____________.

A

grey matter; white matter.

47
Q

Fibers

A

carry information within and between hemispheres

48
Q

Association fibers

A

connect areas of cerebral cortex within ONE hemisphere

49
Q

Commissural fibers

A

connect one cerebral hemisphere to the other

50
Q

Projection fibers

A

connect the cerebrum with other parts of the CNS and spinal cord

51
Q

Three parts of the brainstem?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

52
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

relay station for ascending afferent and descending efferent motor tracts between the spinal cord and the brain.
- cardioacceleratory and inhibitory centers that alter heart rate

53
Q

Pons

A
  • relay station from medulla to higher cortical structures of the brain
  • has a bridge-like structure to connect different parts of the brain
54
Q

Midbrain

A

nerve pathway of the cerebral hemisphere and contains auditory and visual centers as well as the nuclei for the oculomotor, trochlear, and trigeminal cranial nerves, and the tectum.

55
Q

Nuclei components within the Medulla Oblongata

A
  • reticular process
  • respiratory nuclei
  • vasomotor nuclei
  • cardiac nuclei
  • coughing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting nuclei
  • nuclei involved in conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
  • nuclei involved in balance, coordination, modulation of sound
  • nuclei of trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal nerves
56
Q

Nuclei components of Pons

A
  • pontine nuclei
  • trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal nerves
57
Q

Nuclei components within Midbrain

A
  • auditory and visual centers
  • nuclei of oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal cranial nerves
  • corpora nuclei
  • tegmentum
  • cerebral peduncles
  • substantia nigra
58
Q

12 cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
59
Q

Parts of cerebellum

A

Arbor Vitae, Flocculonodular lobe, Vermis, Lateral hemishperes

60
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

white matter of the cerebellum

61
Q

Flocculonodular Lobe

A

control of balance and eye movements

62
Q

Vermis

A

posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination

63
Q

Lateral Hemispheres

A

planning, practicing, learning complex movements

64
Q

Parts of Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus

65
Q

Thalamus

A

largest part; receives input from most sensory neurons in the body

66
Q

Subthalamus

A

motor functions

67
Q

Epithalamus

A

emotional and visceral responses to odors; biological clock

68
Q

Hypothalamus

A

major endocrine tissue; homeostatically regulates many important physiological processes.

69
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • where complex information processing occurs
  • anatomically divided into 6 layers
  • differences in function between hemispheres (hemispheric lateralization)
  • essentially a layer of nervous tissue on top of cerebrum and divided into left/right hemispheres
70
Q

Seat of human consciousness is in the:

A

cerebral cortex

71
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex (M1)

72
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

73
Q

Properties of circuits

A
  • developed during fetal and neonatal growth
  • found in brain/spinal cord and part of reflex arcs
  • maintained by use and display plasticity
74
Q

Different types of circuits

A
  • simple
  • complex
  • divergent
  • convergent
  • rhythm
  • parallel after discharge
75
Q

Neuroplasticity

A
  • constantly changing synaptic connections in response to internal/external influences on a millisecond time scale.
76
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • Myelinate PNS neuron axons
  • Repair of damage to PNS axons, regeneration of axonal connections which does NOT occur in CNS
77
Q

SImple Circuits

A

Formed when the cell communicates solely with another cell, which is UNCOMMON in CNS

78
Q

Complex Circuits

A

formed when there are multiple connections within neurons, common in CNS

79
Q

Divergent Circuits

A

Distributes info from one cell onto multiple cells. Can closely coordinate movement of large amounts of tissue, at the loss of regulating individual tissue parts.
ex. Skeletal

80
Q

Convergent Circuits

A

formed when multiple synaptic junctions are made between many neurons and a single neuron. Lose the ability to identify the precise source of incoming information but gain an increased sensitivity because the output of many cells is focused on just a few cells. COMMON in CNS.

81
Q

Rhythm Circuits

A

underlie activities like breathing, walking, etc. Chain of interconnected neurons, each cell stimulates the next one with a (+) feedback mech. Only turned off when a cell becomes exhausted/inhibited by an outside source. Central-pattern generating (CPG) circuits.

82
Q

Parallel after discharge circuits

A

single neuron can send inhibitory or stimulatory signals to diff. chains of neurons that all send input into a single cell. allows final neuron to receive complex inputs from diff. circuits of other neurons. Underlies mathematical thinking.

83
Q

What is the order a compound must go through to move from plasma to CSF

A

Capillary endothelium => basal lamina => pericyte => astrocyte

84
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A
  • interface between plasma and CSF
  • highly selective endothelial semipermeable border that prevents solutes from circulating blood non-selectively moving into the CSF
  • protects brain from blood-borne infections, drugs, and toxins
  • maintained by neurons, neuroglia, pericytes, and capillary endothelium (neurovascular unit)
85
Q

Lateral Ventricles are separated by thin:

A

Septa Pellucida

86
Q

CSF production is under the regulation of the ___________ system.

A

autonomic

Human Physiology - BIO 3322 (14 decks)

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