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Human Physiology - BIO 3322 > Chapter 11 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormone(s) does adipose tissue primarily produce/secrete?

A

Leptin

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2
Q

What hormone(s) does the heart primarily produce/secrete?

A

atrial natriuretic factor

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3
Q

What hormone(s) does the liver primarily produce/secrete?

A

erythropoietin and IGF

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4
Q

What hormone(s) do the adrenal glands primarily produce/secrete?

A

steroids and catecholamine

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5
Q

What hormone(s) do the ovaries primarily produce/secrete?

A

Estrogen

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6
Q

What hormone(s) does the pineal gland primarily produce?

A

melatonin

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7
Q

What hormone(s) does the thyroid gland primarily produce?

A

thyroxin and calcitonin

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8
Q

What hormone(s) do the parathyroid glands primarily produce?

A

P.T.H.

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9
Q

What hormone(s) does the stomach primarily produce?

A

gastrin

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10
Q

What hormone(s) does the pancreas primarily produce?

A

insulin and glucagon

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11
Q

What hormone(s) do the kidneys primarily produce?

A

calcitriol and angiotensin II

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12
Q

What hormone(s) does the intestine primarily produce?

A

secretin

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13
Q

What hormone(s) do the testes primarily produce?

A

testosterone

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14
Q

Most endocrine cells are commonly derived from:

A

secretory epithelium

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15
Q

Define purely endocrine glands

A

compact, multicellular, ductless secretory glands that secrete chemical messengers into interstitial fluid and then diffuse into circulation.

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16
Q

General Properties of Hormones

A
  • reg. of many physiological properties
  • vary in chemical structure
  • released in very LOW quantities (10^-11 M)
  • movement solely through diffusion (& plasma)
  • binding to receptors on target cells
  • release in response to changes in homeostasis
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17
Q

Autocrine Effect

A

cell releases a chemical messenger onto itself

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18
Q

Paracrine Effect

A

cell releases chemical messenger into interstitial fluid onto neighbors

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19
Q

The same chemical can be categorized in more than one way depending on:

A

how it is released
ex. chemical from neuron can act as a hormone OR a neurotransmitter

norepi. is neurotransmitter when released onto neurons and a hormone when released into blood

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20
Q

Processes regulated by endocrine system:

A
  1. cellular metabolism
  2. tissue maturation
  3. blood levels of several critical ions + nutrients
  4. body’s fluid balance
  5. production of immune cells
  6. cardiovascular system
  7. reproduction, and parturition (birthing)
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21
Q

What type of feedback system is the endocrine system mainly regulated by?

A

Negative Feedback Loop

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22
Q

4 main types of hormones

A
  1. amino acid derivatives (amine)
  2. peptides
  3. proteins
  4. steroids
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23
Q

Explain hormone secretion in a negative feedback manner in a SIMPLE process

A
  1. stimulus
  2. endocrine cell
  3. effector hormone
  4. target cell
  5. response is blocked
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24
Q

Explain hormone secretion in a negative feedback manner in a COMPLEX process

A
  1. stimulus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. releasing hormone
  4. pituitary
  5. tropic hormone
  6. endocrine cell
  7. effector hormone
  8. target cell
  9. response is blocked
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25
Q

Target cells

A

cells that express a receptor

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26
Q

Downregulation

A

target cells remove receptors from the plasma membrane

no/little physiological response even if hormone is secreted

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27
Q

Upregulation

A

increasing the expression of receptors for a hormone

makes target cell more sensitive

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28
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms by which upregulation & downregulation occur?

A
  1. changing the rate of receptor synthesis or degradation
  2. transport to/removal from the plasma membrane or cell interior
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29
Q

Permissiveness

A

process of hormones regulating the expression of receptors for other hormones

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30
Q

Consequence of permissiveness

A

presence of one hormone is sometimes required for another hormone to have its full effect

ex. PTH has a permissive effect on Vitamin D3 absorption of calcium in small intestine

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31
Q

Hormone release is ____________ regulated in contrast to neurotransmitter release which is ____________ regulated

A

Hormone release is amplitude regulated in contrast to neurotransmitter release which is frequency regulated.

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32
Q

____ and ____ hormones are encoded by genes

A

peptide and protein hormones are encoded by genes

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33
Q

________ and_______________ are not encoded by genes.

A

steroids and amino acid derivatives are not encoded by genes.

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34
Q

How is the hormone epinephrine synthesized?

A

enzymatic synthesis

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35
Q

How is the hormone GH synthesized?

A

gene transcript

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36
Q

How is the hormone cortisol synthesized?

A

enzymatic synthesis

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37
Q

How is the hormone ACTH synthesized?

A

gene transcription

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38
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropin hormone

39
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated in response to many basic processes:

A
  • changes in a critical physiological factor (ex. ions)
  • input from the nervous sytem directly through the release of neurohormones (ex. autonomic neurons)
  • actions of other hormones (ex. hypothalamic regulation of the pituitary gland)
  • mechanical stresses (heart atria) or cellular metabolism
40
Q

Water-soluble hormones are usually transported direclty in the:

A

plasma

41
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones and thyroxine are transported through:

A

blood complexed to transport proteins

exist in both free (much less; <1%) and bound forms (>99%)

42
Q

Half-life

A

time required to reduce the blood concentration of the hormone by 50%

altered by rate of synthesis, secretion, metabolism, and excretion

43
Q

Half-life

A

time required to reduce the blood concentration of the hormone by 50%

altered by rate of synthesis, secretion, metabolism, and excretion

44
Q

Factors that increase half-life

A
  • increased synthesis
  • increased secretion
  • binding to transport proteins
  • modification of structure
  • decreased metabolism
45
Q

Factors that decrease half-life

A
  • decreased synthesis
  • decreased secretion
  • excretion by kidneys or bile
  • enzymatic degradation
  • addition of a side chain
  • reabsorption
46
Q

Peptide and protein hormones degraded by ________ from the ________ and __________.

A

Peptide and protein hormones degraded by proteases from the liver and kidney.

47
Q

____________can be rendered inactive by addition/removal of chemical groups.

A

steroids

can also change solubility

48
Q

Common hormone receptor features:

A
  • are proteins forund in cell membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus
  • change shape when bound by proteins
  • intereact with other proteins inside cell, and by changing shape can activate signal cascades altering cell function
49
Q

3 main types of hormone receptors:

A
  1. seven-transmembrane spanning G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) (on cell membrane)
  2. one-transmembrane-spanning receptors (1-TMS) (on cell membrane)
  3. cytosolic/nuclear receptors (NR) (inside cell)
50
Q

Pharmacologic effects of hormone receptors:

A

when hormones/drugs that mimic hormones are used and administered at high concentrations, they have side effects that are not physiological

51
Q

Agonist:

A

compound that can bind to a hormone receptor and produce same effects as hormone

52
Q

Antagonist

A

compound that binds to receptor and blocks signal transduction

53
Q

G-protein coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

A
  • 7-pass integral membrane proteins
  • N-terminus exposed to E.C.F.
  • C-terminus exposed to cell interior
54
Q

One-transmembrane spanning receptors (1-TMS)

A
  • directly activate enzymatic activities in cell membrane w/o G-proteins
  • N-terminus exposed to ECF
  • C-terminus exposed to cell interior
  • ex. insulin receptor: receptor tyrosine kinase
55
Q

Nuclear Receptors

A
  • found inside cells
  • act as transcription factors
  • bind to steroids, thryoxine, and other ligands, and regulate cellular gene expression
  • 4 classes
56
Q

4 classes of nuclear receptors

A

Class I and II bind hormones
- Class I: nucleus; complexed to heat shock proteins —> homodimerization —> go to nucleus and reg. transcription
- Class II: found in nucleus complexed to co-repressor proteins; bind to thyroxine (receptors for androgen, estrogen, glucocorticoid, calcitriol, and progesterone)

57
Q

Receptor for Grave’s disease

A
  • aka hyperthyroidism
  • thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
58
Q

Receptor for Jansen’s metaphyseal chondrodysplasia

A

Parathyroid horomone receptor

59
Q

Receptor for Ovarian dysgenesis type I

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor

60
Q

Receptor for Familial glucocorticoid deficiency

A

Melanocortin/adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor

61
Q

Receptor for Familial male precocious puberty

A

Luteinizing hormone receptor

62
Q

Receptor for Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

A

antidiuretic hormone receptor

63
Q

Receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

A

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

64
Q

What are the 3 distinct nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. paraventricular
  2. Preoptic
  3. Supraoptic
65
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A
  • highly fenestrated
  • does NOT have a blood brain barrier
  • Primary capillary plexus: supplies blood to median eminence; blood drained through hypophyseal portal veins into secondary capillary bed in anterior pituitary
  • Secondary capillary bed: drains into veins that carry blood out to body
66
Q

Many of the hypothalamic hormones are ____ hormones

A

Many of the hypothalamic hormones are trophic hormones.

67
Q

Trophic hormone

A

hormones that not only affect the release of other hormones, but also stimulate the growth and capacity for hormone relase by the tissue(s) that they affect.

68
Q

Releasing hormones

A

hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

69
Q

Release inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

70
Q

The hypothalamic hormone TRH affects which pituitary hormone?

A

TSH

71
Q

The hypothalamic hormone PIH affects which pituitary hormone?

A

prolactin

72
Q

The hypothalamic hormone GnRH affects which pituitary hormone?

A

LF/FSH

73
Q

The hypothalamic hormone CRN affects which pituitary hormone?

A

ACTH

74
Q

Effect of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

TSH and prolactin release

75
Q

Effect of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

ACTH release

76
Q

Effect of Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

GH release

77
Q

Effect of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

FSH and LH release

78
Q

Effect of Prolactin-inhibitory hormone (PIH or dopamine)

A

Prolactin inhibition

79
Q

Effect of Growth hormone - inhibitory hormone (GIRH, Somatostatin)

A

GH and TSH inhibition

80
Q

Effect of Oxytocin

A

uterine contraction, socialization, lactation

81
Q

Effect of antidiuretic hormone

A

increased renal collecting duct water permeability

82
Q

Pituitary gland is composed of:

A

anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes

83
Q

Anterior lobe of Pituitary gland

A
  • adenohypophysis: arises embryonically from outpocketing of roof of embryonic oral cavity aka Rathke’s pouch
    - subdivided into: parts tuberalis and pars distalis
    - cell types: somatotropes, thyrotropes, corticotropes, lactotropes, and gonadotropes
84
Q

Intermediate lobe of Pituitary gland

A

secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

85
Q

Posterior lobe of Pituitary gland

A
  • neuropophysis: arises embryonically from hypothalamus
  • antidiuretic hormone: ADH/vasopressin (mammary glands/uterus) and oxytocin (kidneys)
86
Q

Actions of Oxytocin

A
  1. milk ejection/letdown
  2. uterine contraction
  3. social behavior
  4. play a role in autism
87
Q

Milk ejection/letdown

A

during lactation, oxytocin causes movement (“let down”) of mammary milk into subareolar sinuses —-> can be excreted from nipples.
- Oxytocin release activated by a parent seeing or hearing a hungry baby.

88
Q

Uterine Contraction

A

oxytocin stimulates urine contraction during the second and thrid trimesters of pregnancy; contraction inhibited by elevated blood progesterone levels.

89
Q

Social behavior

A

oxytocin evokes feelings of contentment, reduced anxiety, calmness and security in the company of a spouse of significant other.

90
Q

Actions of ADH

A
  • increases expression of aquaporin channels in nephrons of kidney, increased reabsorption of water into the plasma
  • increased expression of urea transporters in collecting duct therefore increasing interstitial osmolarity gradient and water reasbsorption
  • increased reabsorption of Na+ in loop of Henle, again increasing interstitial osmo. gradient
  • at high concentrations, ADH is vasoconstrictor of blood vessels and increases B.P.
  • plays role in aggression, BP, and body temp
91
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland Physiology

A
  • hormones: proteins, glycoproteins, or polypeptides
    - released into secondary capillary bed in ant. pituitary —–> released in general circulation
    - have short half life in blood
    - bind target cells in body
  • have tropic effects
92
Q

Tropic Effects

A

stimulate release of other hormones, have direct effects on target tissues, and affet tissues that produce hormones

93
Q

Growth Hromone

A
  • released from anterior pituitary
  • under reg. of hypothalamic GHRH and GHIH

Human Physiology - BIO 3322 (14 decks)

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