Chapter 2 - Cell Structure & Function Flashcards
What is the type of bond forming nucleotide polymers?
phosphodiester
What is the type of bond forming protein polymers?
Peptide
What is the type of bond forming lipid polymers?
n/a
What is the type of bond forming carbohydrate polymers?
Glycosidic linkage
What is glycosylation?
process of adding carbohydrate groups for recognition.
What is the function of proteins?
perform most of the cellular tasks, provide structure, and regulate cellular processes
What is the function of phospholipids?
serve as structural component of membranes
what is the function of cholesterol?
precursor for steroid hormones and membrane component
what is the function of acylglycerol?
provides long-term energy storage (can have up to 3 fatty acid tails of differing lengths)
what is the function of waxes?
establishes a protective barrier. ex. ear wax.
steroids?
4 ringed carbon structures that function as chemical messengers for endocrine system and are important structural components in membrane.
What is the best carbohydrate for energy storage?
glycogen
What is the central dogma of genetics?
info stored in DNA determines which RNA coding is produced and which protein sequences are generated.
Steps of enzymatic activity?
- substrate enters active site of enzyme
- enzyme binds to substrate and the enzyme’s shape changes slightly (induced fit)
- enzyme/products complex forms
- products leave the active site of enzyme
What are the 7 protein classes?
structural, enzymatic, regulatory, motile, transport, storage, and defensive.
function of structural proteins
provides cell or tissue strength
ex. collagen in connective tissue
function of enzymatic proteins
catalyzes specific reactions
ex. amylase hydrolyzes starch into shorter carbohydrate chains
function of regulatory proteins
chemical messengers
ex. insulin regulating blood glucose by signaling to other cells to increase glucose uptake
function of motile proteins
aids cell movement
ex. actin and myosin initiate muscle contraction
function of transport proteins
moves substances within/between cells
ex. GLUT1 permits glucose to cross the plasma membrane
function of storage proteins
stores nutrients
ex. ovalbumin provides amino acids to developing chick embyryo
function of defensive proteins
protects against disease
ex. antibodies tag pathogens for clearance by the immune system
What happens in the mitochondria?
the E.T.C. drives ATP synthase inside mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation
What happens in ribosomes?
made up of rRNA/proteins; conducts translational processes, large and small subunits assembling around mRNA transcription, and peptide bond formation is catalyzed.