Chapter 1 - Intro to Physiology Flashcards
Physiology
how events at microscopic levels affect macroscopic systems (organs and individuals)
What is the order of biological levels?
chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, population, community (abiotic not allowed), ecosystem, biome
What is the monomer of proteins?
amino acid
what is the function of a protein?
fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell.
what is the monomer of lipids?
phospholipids, cholesterol, acyglycerol, and wax
what is the function of lipids?
long-term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer (phospholipid) and integral extracellular membrane facilitator of cell-cell interactions (glycolipid)
what is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
what is the function of nucleic acids?
unit for hereditary information and protein biosynthesis, for example DNA and RNA
What is an example of a structure + function relationship?
the cristae in the mitochondria has special folds in mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for proteins that carry out mitochondrial respiration.
what is important about a protein’s shape?
each protein’s 3D shape gives it its function by allowing it to fit into crevices or holes that have complementary shapes. If the protein is folded incorrectly/unfolded they stop functioning completely.
what happens with mad cow disease?
proteins unfold in brain
Four characteristics of life
- energy production and consumption
- growth/repair
- adaptation
- reproduction
Three shared components of all individual cells
- membrane
- genetic material
- cytosolic fluid
4 main categories of tissue
- epithelial
- muscle
- nerve
- connective
Epithelium
found lining walls of open tubes and provide a secretory and/or absorptive surface. for protection. two surfaces: apical (faces lumen) and basolateral (tethered to extracellular matrix)
three types of muscle tissue
- skeletal (vol.)
- smooth (invol.)
- cardiac (invol.)
nervous tissue
comprises glia and neurons
connective tissue
provide support and integrity to other tissues and structures in body. differ in arrangement of their cells, fibers, and fluid matrix (ground substance). connects cartilage to bone. (ex. nose)
Organs in immune/lymphatic system
Lymphoid tissues, spleen, various types of cells, thymus, lymph nodes
Organs in urinary system
kidneys, ureters, kidney, urinary bladder, and urethra
Organs in digestive system
mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
Each bodily system carries ____________ processes.
interdependent
Body cavities allow for:
precise control of the environment
Organs in thoracic cavity
lungs, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, mediastinum, heart, and large blood vessels, thymus, also includes pleural, superior mediastinum, and pericardial cavities.
Organs in abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, and most of large intestine
Organs in Pelvic Cavity
end of large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.
Organs in Cranial Cavity
Brain
Organs in Spinal Cavity
Spinal Cord
Organs in Pleural Cavity
Lungs
Temperature regulation is a:
homeostatic set point
Normal body temperature is:
98.6º F or 37º C
What organ in the controller of returning body back to normal temp?
Hypothalamus detects change in temperature.
Homeostatic set point
ensures the overall balance among all organ systems
Immune mediators
work to increase metabolism and heat production through fever in order to prevent illness and infection.
What is the order of events for a feedback loop?
Stimulus, Sensor, Control, Effector
Open system/feed forward mechanism
when the response and stimulus are unrelated. ex. heart beats fast before race, etc. These are pre-emptive (preparation)
Homeostasis
fluid compartment regulation
ICF
intracellular fluid
ECF
extracellular fluid
fluid imbalance can lead to:
dehydration of cells, imbalance in ion concentrations, cell death
What fluid is most present?
Cytosol (ICF)
What fluid is second most present?
ECF
what is ECF madeup of?
interstitial fluid (most present), plasma, and other.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide
What is the function of carbohydrates?
provides both short and long-term energy storage; serves as an identification tag for glycosylated proteins and lipids.
