Chapter 1 - Intro to Physiology

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

how events at microscopic levels affect macroscopic systems (organs and individuals)

Question 2

What is the order of biological levels?

Answer 2

chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, population, community (abiotic not allowed), ecosystem, biome

Question 3

What is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 3

amino acid

Question 4

what is the function of a protein?

Answer 4

fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell.

Question 5

what is the monomer of lipids?

Answer 5

phospholipids, cholesterol, acyglycerol, and wax

Question 6

what is the function of lipids?

Answer 6

long-term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer (phospholipid) and integral extracellular membrane facilitator of cell-cell interactions (glycolipid)

Question 7

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 7

Nucleotide

Question 8

what is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 8

unit for hereditary information and protein biosynthesis, for example DNA and RNA

Question 9

What is an example of a structure + function relationship?

Answer 9

the cristae in the mitochondria has special folds in mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for proteins that carry out mitochondrial respiration.

Question 10

what is important about a protein’s shape?

Answer 10

each protein’s 3D shape gives it its function by allowing it to fit into crevices or holes that have complementary shapes. If the protein is folded incorrectly/unfolded they stop functioning completely.

Question 11

what happens with mad cow disease?

Answer 11

proteins unfold in brain

Question 12

Four characteristics of life

Answer 12

1. energy production and consumption
2. growth/repair
3. adaptation
4. reproduction

Question 13

Three shared components of all individual cells

Answer 13

1. membrane
2. genetic material
3. cytosolic fluid

Question 14

4 main categories of tissue

Answer 14

1. epithelial
2. muscle
3. nerve
4. connective

Question 15

Epithelium

Answer 15

found lining walls of open tubes and provide a secretory and/or absorptive surface. for protection. two surfaces: apical (faces lumen) and basolateral (tethered to extracellular matrix)

Question 16

three types of muscle tissue

Answer 16

1. skeletal (vol.)
2. smooth (invol.)
3. cardiac (invol.)

Question 17

nervous tissue

Answer 17

comprises glia and neurons

Question 18

connective tissue

Answer 18

provide support and integrity to other tissues and structures in body. differ in arrangement of their cells, fibers, and fluid matrix (ground substance). connects cartilage to bone. (ex. nose)

Question 19

Organs in immune/lymphatic system

Answer 19

Lymphoid tissues, spleen, various types of cells, thymus, lymph nodes

Question 20

Organs in urinary system

Answer 20

kidneys, ureters, kidney, urinary bladder, and urethra

Question 21

Organs in digestive system

Answer 21

mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine

Question 22

Each bodily system carries ____________ processes.

Answer 22

interdependent

Question 23

Body cavities allow for:

Answer 23

precise control of the environment

Question 24

Organs in thoracic cavity

Answer 24

lungs, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, mediastinum, heart, and large blood vessels, thymus, also includes pleural, superior mediastinum, and pericardial cavities.

Question 25

Organs in abdominal cavity

Answer 25

stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, and most of large intestine

Question 26

Organs in Pelvic Cavity

Answer 26

end of large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.

Question 27

Organs in Cranial Cavity

Answer 27

Brain

Question 28

Organs in Spinal Cavity

Answer 28

Spinal Cord

Question 29

Organs in Pleural Cavity

Answer 29

Lungs

Question 30

Temperature regulation is a:

Answer 30

homeostatic set point

Question 31

Normal body temperature is:

Answer 31

98.6º F or 37º C

Question 32

What organ in the controller of returning body back to normal temp?

Answer 32

Hypothalamus detects change in temperature.

Question 33

Homeostatic set point

Answer 33

ensures the overall balance among all organ systems

Question 34

Immune mediators

Answer 34

work to increase metabolism and heat production through fever in order to prevent illness and infection.

Question 35

What is the order of events for a feedback loop?

Answer 35

Stimulus, Sensor, Control, Effector

Question 36

Open system/feed forward mechanism

Answer 36

when the response and stimulus are unrelated. ex. heart beats fast before race, etc. These are pre-emptive (preparation)

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

fluid compartment regulation

Question 38

ICF

Answer 38

intracellular fluid

Question 39

ECF

Answer 39

extracellular fluid

Question 40

fluid imbalance can lead to:

Answer 40

dehydration of cells, imbalance in ion concentrations, cell death

Question 41

What fluid is most present?

Answer 41

Cytosol (ICF)

Question 42

What fluid is second most present?

Answer 42

ECF

Question 43

what is ECF madeup of?

Answer 43

interstitial fluid (most present), plasma, and other.

Question 44

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 44

Monosaccharide

Question 45

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 45

provides both short and long-term energy storage; serves as an identification tag for glycosylated proteins and lipids.