Chapter 6 Flashcards
Protein in food is the only source of what?
Amino acids
Amino acids are necessary to what?
Make the thousands of proteins that form every aspect of the human body.
What are proteins?
Organic compounds formed from chains of amino acids.
Both animal and plant proteins are made up of how many amino acids?
20 (each)
How many essential amino acids are there? (EEAs)
9
How many nonessential amino acids are there? (NEAAs)
11
How does the mouth aid in digestion and absorption?
Site of only mechanical digestion of protein
How does the stomach aid in digestion and absorption of protein?
- Stomach mucosa secretes pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid (HCL) forming gastric protease pepsin.
- Pepsin breaks down protein into polypeptides that pass through the small intestine
How does the small intestine aid in digestion and absorption of protein?
Small intestine and pancreas produce enzymes which break down polypeptides into amino acids
What are components of protein metabolism?
Catabolism
Metabolism
Deamination
Catabolism (break down) begins where and through what?
Begins in liver cells through deamination.
Most protein functions are a result of what?
Of protein anabolism (synthesis) in cells.
Describe protein deamination.
Liver breaking down proteins; some parts used for energy, some excreted in urine.
What effects does protein excess have?
-increased deamination, May result in high keto acids.
(Stress on liver and kidneys
-Health effects:
Increased risk of CAD
Some cancers
Potentially osteoporosis
What are functions of protein?
- growth and maintenance
- creation of communication and catalysts
- immune systems response
- fluid and electrolyte regulation
- acid-base balance
- transportation
What are food sources of protein?
-Complete proteins: contains all 9 essential amino acids
-high quality protein: contains best balance and assortment of essential and nonessential amino acids for protein synthesis
(Highest quality= eggs and human milk)
-incomplete protein: lacks one or more essential amino acids
(Better source grains and legumes)
What is a vegan dietary plan?
No animal-derived foods consumed
What is a lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern?
Only animal-derbies foods consumed are dairy products
What is ovo-lacto vegetarian dietary plan?
Only animal-derived foods eaten are dairy products and eggs
What is flexitarian?
Eat meat from time to time
What is pescatarian?
Eat fish
What are health benefits of being vegetarian?
- lower intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
- high in fiber
- reduces risk of obesity, CVD,type 2 DM, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and certain cancers
What are other benefits of vegetarianism?
Spiritual
Economic/environmental
What are drawback of vegetarianism?
Potential deficiencies
Effects on social health
(MyPlate includes support for vegetarianism)
Americans typically eat more protein than necessary, how is change to this happening?
Restructuring the dinner plate
- deemphasizing protein foods
- deck of cards: animal size protein
What is malnutrition?
Imbalanced nutrient and/or energy intake. Over-or under-consumption
What are two types of protein energy malnutrition? (PEM)
- Marasmus
- Kwashiorkor
What is Marasmus?
Low amount of calories (deficient in everything)
What is kwashiorkor?
Enough calories but less protein
Who are at risk for malnutrition?
- Homeless
- Older adults
- Hospital malnutrition: latrogenic malnutrition
- working poor
Chronic hunger results from what?
- continual experience of undernutrition for populations (not enough to eat)
- worsens and grows as economies tighten
The client asks what foods are rich in protein and less expensive than meat. Which of the following foods would the nurse recommended she eat more of?
A. Bread and cereals
B. Legumes
C. Fruit and vegetables
D. Fish and shellfish
B
Someone who practices a vegan lifestyle is most likely to be deficient in which nutrient?
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin C
C. Potassium
D. Glucose
A
