Chapter 5 Flashcards
What types of lipids (fats) are there?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
sterols
95% of the fats in foods and our bodies are what kind?
Triglycerides
Fat is valuable and what?
Necessary for health.
Fats provide the densest form of what?
Energy
What are the functions of triglycerides?
Store Energy
Organ protection
Temperature Regulation
Insulation
What are types of Triglycerides?
Saturated fatty acids
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
What others forms of energy are triglycerides responsible for?
- Adipose tissue storage form of fat( triglycerides)
- Important source of fuel during illness, major energy source for muscle work
What are examples of saturated fatty acids?
Meats
Shortening
Egg Yolks
Dairy products
What are examples of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Olive oil
Peanuts and peanut oil
Avocado
Canola oil
What are examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Vegetable oils (corn, safflower, wheat germ, canola, sesame, and sunflower)
Fish
Margarine
What is the function of phospholipids?
Cell membrane structure
Lecithin, main phospholipid in the body, functions as emulsifier
What are sources of phospholipids?
Soybeans
Egg yolks
Mayo
What is the function of sterols?
Precursor to bile, vitamin D, sex hormones, cells in brain and CNS
What is the most widely known human sterol?
Cholesterol
Where does cholesterol come from?
Diet (accounts for 25%, rest is made by liver).
Only animal derived foods contain cholesterol.
How does the mouth aid in digestion?
- Teeth tear food and tongue helps form food into bolus -mechanical digestion.
- Glands of tongue produce fat-splitting enzyme (lingual lipase), released with saliva- chemical digestion.
How does the stomach aid in digestion?
- Mechanical digestion continues through peristalsis.
- Enzymes such as gastric lipase break down fatty acids from triglycerides- chemical digestion.
How does the small intestine aid in digestion?
- Bile released from gallbladder emulsifies fats.
- Lipase (a pancreatic enzyme) breaks down triglycerides
- Some fats may pass through undigested: excreted.
What is bile?
A substance that emulsifies fats to aid the digestion of lipids.
Bike is produced by what? And stored where?
By the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Digestion slows if gallbladder is removed
How does bile assist in absorption?
Bile assists movement of lipids to villi
How do triglycerides help with absorption?
Triglycerides form into lipoproteins and are transported to circulatory system.
Muscle and adipose cells use fatty acids for what? Or do what?
For energy or re-form into triglycerides that are stored as energy.
What is important in fat metabolism?
Catabolism
Metabolism
Regulatory Hormones
What is catabolism?
(Breakdown) of lipids for energy.
What is anabolism?
(Synthesis) of lipids or lipogenesis.
What are some fat intakes issues?
- High-fat foods= high-calorie foods
- DRIs based on AMDRs, recommended 20%-35%kcal from fats with less than or equal to 10%of kcal from saturated fats
- my plate emphasizes oils from fish and plants
What are recommended fat contents of food?
- total fat less than or equal to 40-97g (400-875 kcal) per day
- saturated fat less than or equal to 20-25g (225-189 kcal) per day
- children younger than 5 years of age require at least 20% of kcal as fats
How to reduce fat and still have quick meals?
- family eating habits
- programs and classes
- mix low fat and high fat foods
Unsaturated fats are less stable and have a shorter what?
Shelf life
Hydrogenation makes unsaturated fat more what?
Solid and stable
Trans fatty acids are related to what and content is mandatory on what?
- related to elevated cholesterol
- mandatory on food labels
Lipoproteins fall under what?
Cholesterol?
What are lipoproteins?
Compounds that contain a mix of lipids that are covered with a protein outer layer.
What are types of lipoproteins?
- VLDLs; very low-density lipoproteins
- LDLs; low-density lipoproteins
- HDLs; high-density lipoproteins
What type of lipoproteins raise CAD risk and whisk lower CAD risk?
- High LDL increases risk.
- high HDL decreases risk.
Total blood cholesterol is made up of what?
LDL plus HDL
What is a desirable cholesterol level?
<200mg/dL
What are cholesterol health guidelines?
- less than or equal to 300 mg if dietary cholesterol per day.
- less than 200mg if LDL is elevated.
What are health hazards related to restricted fat intake?
Failure to thrive
Eating disorders
Malnutrition
Excessive fat intake can lead to what?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Cancer (Breast, colon, prostate)
Which of the following has a high amount of saturated fat?
A. Almonds
B. Egg yolks
C. Kidney beans
D. Olive oil
B
High levels of trans fatty acids are found in?
A. Vegetable oils
B. Coconut and palm oil
C. Meats and dairy foods
D.vegetable oil shortening
D
