Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of experience

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Question 3

Classical Condition (Pavlovian)

Answer 3

Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning

Question 5

Unconditioned Response

Answer 5

Automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not neet to be learned

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Answer 6

Response previously assiciated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure

Question 11

Renewal Effect

Answer 11

Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

Question 12

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 12

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned sticumulus elicit a conditioned response

Question 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 13

Process by which orgasnisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the originao conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 14

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

Question 15

Latent Inhibition

Answer 15

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimuulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, that it, without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Conditioned Compensatory Response

Answer 16

A CR that is the opposite of the UCR and serves to compensate for the UCR

Question 17

Fetishism

Answer 17

Sexual Attraction to nonliving things

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

Learning controlled by the consequenses of an organism’s behaviour

Question 19

Law of Effect

Answer 19

Principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behaviour results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behaviour in the future

Question 20

Insight

Answer 20

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem

Question 21

Skinner Box

Answer 21

Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours to be recorded unsupervised

Question 22

Reinforcement

Answer 22

Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of a behaviour

Question 23

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

The presentation of a stimulus following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour

Question 24

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 24

The remobal of a stimulus following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour

Question 26

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 26

Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

Question 27

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 27

Pattern of reinforcing a behaviour

Question 28

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 28

Reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs, resuting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement

Question 29

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 29

Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour, resulting in slower extinction than if behaviour had been reinforced continuously

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses

Question 31

Fixed interval Schedule

Answer 31

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a specified time interval

Question 32

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 32

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a variable number of responses, with the number varying randomly around some average

Question 33

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 33

Patter in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a variable time interval, with the actual intervals varying randomly around some average

Question 34

Shaping by successive approximations

Answer 34

Conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target

Question 35

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 35

Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer

Question 36

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 36

Item of outcome that naturally increases the target behaviour

Question 37

Latent Learning

Answer 37

Learning that’s not directly observable

Question 38

Cognitive Map

Answer 38

Mental representation of how a physical space is organised

Question 39

Observable Learning

Answer 39

Learning by watching others

Question 40

Mirror Neuron

Answer 40

Cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action

Question 41

Preparedness

Answer 41

Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

Question 42

Instinctive Drift

Answer 42

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement

Question 43

Learning Style

Answer 43

An individual’s prefered or optimal method of acquiring new information