Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of the mind, brain and behaviour

Question 2

Levels of Analysis

Answer 2

Social Cultural jnfluences -> Psychological -> Biological

Question 3

Individual Differences

Answer 3

Variations among people in thinking, emotion, personality, behaviour

Question 4

Introspection

Answer 4

Method which trained observers carefully reflect and report their mental experiences

Question 5

Structuralism

Answer 5

School of psyc that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience (Wundt)

Question 6

Functionsalism

Answer 6

School of psyc that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics (Darwin)

Question 7

Natural Selection

Answer 7

Emphasizes that physical and behavioural characteristics evolved because they increased the chances of survival and reproduction (Darwin)

Question 8

Behaviourism

Answer 8

Focuses on uncovering the general principles of learning underlying human and animal behaviour (Watson)

Question 9

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 9

School of psyc that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour (Piaget)

Question 10

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 10

Examines the relation between brain function and thinking

Question 11

Psychoanalysis

Answer 11

School of psyc that focuses on unconscious internal psychological processes (Freud)

Question 12

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 12

A discipline that applies Natural Selection to human and animal behaviour

Question 13

Naïve Realism

Answer 13

The belief that we see the world exactly as it is

Question 14

Scientific Theory

Answer 14

An explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Question 15

Hypothesis

Answer 15

A testable prediction

Question 16

Confirmation Bias

Answer 16

The tendency to seek out information that supports our beliefs and disregard or distort information that refutes it

Question 17

Belief Perseverance

Answer 17

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs when evidence contradicts them

Question 18

Pseudoscience

Answer 18

A set of claims that seem scientific but isn’t

Question 19

Patternicity

Answer 19

The tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli

Question 20

ruling out rival hypotheses

Answer 20

have important alternative explanations for the findings been excludeds?

Question 21

correlation vs causation

Answer 21

can we be sure that A causes B?

Question 22

falsifiability

Answer 22

can the claim be disproved?

Question 23

replicability

Answer 23

can the results be duplicated in other studies?

Question 24

extraordinary claims

Answer 24

is the evidence as strong as the claim?

Question 25

occam’s razor

Answer 25

does a simpler explanation fit the data just as well?